The Hacker Chronicles - A Tour of the Computer Underground

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The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART III * * * ************************************************************ PREFACE: IN PART III, WE WILL DISCUSS THE DIALING PROCEDURES FOR DOMESTIC AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL DIALING. WE WILL ALSO TAKE A LOOK AT THE TELEPHONE NUMBERING PLAN. NORTH AMERICAN NUMBERING PLAN <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN NORTH AMERICA, THE TELEPHONE NUMBERING PLAN IS AS FOLLOWS: A) A 3 DIGIT NUMBERING PLAN AREA (NPA) CODE, [IE, AREA CODE] B) A 7 DIGIT TELEPHONE # CONSISTING OF A 3 DIGIT CENTRAL OFFICE (CO) CODE PLUS A 4 DIGIT STATION #. THESE 10 DIGITS ARE CALLED THE NETWORK ADDRESS OR DESTINATION CODE. IT IS IN THE FORMAT OF: AREA CODE TELEPHONE # --------- ----------- N*X NXX-XXXX WHERE: N = A DIGIT FROM 2-9 * = THE DIGIT 0 OR 1 X = A DIGIT 0-9 AREA CODES <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> CHECK YOUR TELEPHONE BOOK OR THE SEPARATE LISTING OF AREA CODES FOUND ON MANY BBS'S. HERE ARE THE SPECIAL AREA CODES (SAC'S): 510 - TWX (USA) 610 - TWX (CANADA) 700 - NEW SERVICE 710 - TWX (USA) 800 - WATS 810 - TWX (USA) 900 - DIAL-IT SERVICES 910 - TWX (USA) THE OTHER AREA CODES NEVER CROSS STATE LINES, THEREFORE EACH STATE MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE EXCLUSIVE NPA CODE. WHEN A COMMUNITY IS SPLIT BY A STATE LINE, THE CO #'S ARE OFTEN INTERCHANGEABLE (IE, YOU CAN DIAL THE SAME # FROM 2 DIFFERENT AREA CODES) TWX: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> Page 101 The Official Phreaker's Manual TWX (TELEX II) CONSISTS OF 5 TELETYPE-WRITER AREA CODES. THEY ARE OWNED BY WESTERN UNION. THESE SAC'S MAY ONLY BE REACHED VIA OTHER TWX MACHINES. THESE RUN AT 110 BAUD. BESIDES THE TWX #'S, THESE MACHINES ARE ROUTED TO NORMAL TELEPHONE #'S. TWX MACHINES ALWAYS RESPOND WITH AN ANSWERBACK. FOR EXAMPLE, WU'S FYI TWX # IS (910) 988-5956, THE CORRESPONDING REAL NUMBER TO THIS IS (201) 279-5956. THE ANSWERBACK FOR THIS SERVICE IS "WU FYI MAWA." IF YOU DON'T WANT TO BUY A TWX MACHINE, YOU CAN STILL SEND TWX MESSAGES USING EASYLINK [800/325-4112 - SEE TUC'S AND MY ARTICLE ENTITLED "HACKING WESTERN UNION'S EASYLINK] 700: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> AT THE TIME OF THIS WRITING, THE 700 EXCHANGE DOES NOT YET EXIST. AT&T PLANS TO USE IT SOON THOUGH. THEY PLAN TO MAKE IT A TYPE OF FANCY CALL FORWARDING SERVICE. IT WILL BE TARGETED TOWARDS SALESMEN ON THE RUN. TO UNDERSTAND HOW IT WORKS, I'LL EXPLAIN IT WITH AN EXAMPLE. LET'S SAY JOE Q. SALESPIG WORKS FOR AT&T SECURITY AND HE IS ON THE RUN CHASING A PHREAK AROUND THE COUNTRY WHO ROYALLY SCREWED UP AN IMPORTANT COSMOS SYSTEM. LET'S SAY THAT JOE'S 700 # IS (700) 382-5968. EVERY TIME JOE GOES TO A NEW HOTEL, HE DIALS A SPECIAL 700 #, ENTERS A CODE, AND THE # WHERE HE IS STAYING. NOW, IF HIS BOSS RECEIVED SOME IMPORTANT INFO, ALL HE WOULD DO IS DIAL (700) 382-5968 AND IT WOULD RING WHEREVER JOE LAST PROGRAMMED IT TO. NEAT, HUH? 800: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> THIS SAC IS ONE OF MY FAVORITES SINCE IT ALLOWS FOR TOLL-FREE CALLS. INWARD WATS (INWATS): INWARD WIDE AREA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE IS THE 800 #'S THAT WE ARE ALL FAMILIAR WITH. 800 #'S ARE SET UP IN SERVICE AREAS OR BANDS. THERE ARE 6 OF THESE. BAND 6 IS THE LARGEST AND YOU CAN CALL A BAND 6 # FROM ANYWHERE IN THE US EXCEPT THE STATE WHERE THE CALL IS TERMINATED (THIS IS WHY MOST COMPANIES HAVE ONE 800 # FOR THE COUNTRY AND THEN ANOTHER FOR JUST ONE STATE). BAND 5 INCLUDES THE 48 CONTIGUOUS STATES. ALL THE WAY DOWN TO BAND 1 WHICH INCLUDES ONLY THE STATES CONTIGUOUS TO THAT ONE. THEREFORE, LESS PEOPLE CAN REACH A BAND 1 INWATS # THAT A BAND 6 #. INTRASTATE INWATS #'S (IE, YOU CAN CALL IT FROM ONLY 1 STATE) ALWAYS HAVE A 2 AS THE LAST DIGIT IN THE EXCHANGE (IE, 800-NX2-XXXX). THE NXX ON 800 #'S REPRESENT THE AREA WHERE THE BUSINESS IS LOCATED. FOR EXAMPLE, A # BEGINNING WITH 800-431 WOULD TERMINATE AT A NEW YORK CO. 800 #'S ALWAYS END UP IN A HUNT SERIES IN A CO. THIS MEANS THAT IT TRIES THE FIRST # ALLOCATED TO THE COMPANY FOR THEIR 8P0 LINES; IF THIS IS BUSY IT WILL THEN TRY THE NEXT #, ETC). YOU MUST HAVE A MINIMUM OF TWO LINES PER EACH 800 #. FOR EXAMPLE, TRAVELNET USES A HUNT SERIES. IF YOU DIAL (800) 521-8400, IT WILL FIRST TRY THE # ASSOCIATED WITH 8400; IF IT IS BUSY IT WILL GO TO THE NEXT AVAILABLE PORT, ETC. INWATS CUSTOMERS ARE BILLED BY THE # OF HOURS OF CALLS THAT ARE MADE TO THEIR #. OUTWATS (OUTWARD WATS): OUTWATS ARE FOR MAKING OUTGOING CALLS ONLY. LARGE COMPANIES USE OUTWATS SINCE THEY RECEIVE BULK-RATE DISCOUNTS. SINCE OUTWATS # CANNOT HAVE INCOMING CALLS, THEY ARE IN THE FORMAT OF: Page 102 The Official Phreaker's Manual (800) *XX-XXXX WHERE * IS THE DIGIT 0 OR 1 WHICH CANNOT BE DIALED UNLESS YOU BOX THE CALL. THE *XX IDENTIFIES THE TYPE OF SERVICE AND THE AREAS THAT THE COMPANY CAN CALL. REMEMBER: INWATS + OUTWATS = WATS EXTENDER (SEE PART I) 900: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> THIS DIAL-IT SAC IS A NATIONWIDE DIAL-IT SERVICE. IT IS USED FOR TAKING TELEVISION POLLS AND OTHER STUFF. THE FIRST MINUTE CURRENTLY COSTS AN OUTRAGEOUS 50 CENTS AND EACH ADDITIONAL MINUTE COSTS 35 CENTS. BELL TAKES IN ALOT OF REVENUE IN THIS WAY. DIAL (900) 555-1212 TO FIND OUT WHAT IS CURRENTLY ON THE SERVICE. CO CODES: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> THESE IDENTIFY THE SWITCHING OFFICE WHERE THE CALL IS TO BE ROUTED. THE FOLLOWING CO CODES ARE RESERVED NATIONWIDE: 555 - DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE 844 - TIME ] THESE ARE NOW IN 936 - WEATHER ] THE 976 EXCHANGE 950 - FUTURE SERVICES 958 - PLANT TEST 959 - PLANT TEST 970 - PLANT TEST (TEMPORARY) 976 - DIAL-IT SERVICES ALSO, THE 3 DIGIT ANI & RINGBACK #'S ARE REGARDED AS PLANT TEST AND ARE THUS RESERVED. THESE NUMBERS VARY FROM AREA TO AREA. 950: [ALSO SEE PART I] <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> HERE ARE THE SERVICES THAT ARE CURRENTLY ON THE 950 EXCHANGE: 1000 - SPC 1022 - MCI EXECUNET 1033 - US TELEPHONE 1044 - ALLNET 1066 - LEXITEL 1088 - SBS SKYLINE THESE SCC'S (SPECIALIZED COMMON CARRIERS) ARE FREE FROM FORTRESSES! Publishers note: Most 950's now require the station code (1022, 1000, 1088, etc.) to be five digits long. MCI 950-10222, US telefone 10333, ALLNET 10444, etc. Look in "Equal Access and the American Dream" p. for a complete list. PLANT TESTS: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> THESE INCLUDE ANI, RINGBACK, AND OTHER VARIOUS TESTS. Page 103 The Official Phreaker's Manual 976: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> DIAL 976-1000 TO SEE WHAT IS CURRENTLY ON THE SERVICE. ALSO, MANY BBS'S HAVE A LISTING OF THESE #'S. N11 CODES: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> BELL IS TRYING TO PHASE SOME OF THESE OUT, BUT THEY STILL EXIST IN MANY AREAS. 011 - INTERNATIONAL DIALING PREFIX 211 - COIN REFUND OPERATOR 411 - DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE 611 - REPAIR SERVICE 811 - BUSINESS OFFICE 911 - EMERGENCY INTERNATIONAL DIALING <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> WITH INTERNATIONAL DIALING, THE WORLD HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO 9 NUMBERING ZONES. TO MAKE AN INTERNATIONAL CALL, YOU MUST DIAL: INT. PREFIX + COUNTRY CODE + NAT. # IN NORTH AMERICA, THE INTERNATIONAL DIALING PREFIX IS 011 FOR STATION-TO-STATION CALLS AND 01 FOR OPERATOR- SERVICED CALLS. IDDD STANDS FOR INTERNATIONAL DIRECT DISTANCE DIALING. THE COUNTRY CODE, WHICH VARIES FROM 1 TO 3 DIGITS, ALWAYS HAS THE WORLD NUMBERING ZONE AS THE FIRST DIGIT. FOR EXAMPLE, THE COUNTRY CODE FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM IS 44, THUS IT IS IN WORLD NUMBERING ZONE 4. SOME BOARDS MAY CONTAIN A COMPLETE LISTING OF OTHER COUNTRY CODES, BUT HERE ARE A FEW: 001 - NORTH AMERICA (US, CANADA,ETC) 020 - EGYPT 258 - MOZAMBIQUE 034 - SPAIN 049 - GERMANY 052 - MEXICO (SOUTHERN PORTION) 061 - AUSTRALIA 007 - USSR 081 - JAPAN 098 - IRAN IF YOU CALL FROM AN AREA OTHER THAN NORTH AMERICA, THE FORMAT IS GENERALLY THE SAME. FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S SAY YOU WANTED TO CALL THE WHITE HOUSE FROM SWITZERLAND. FIRST YOU WOULD DIAL 00 (THE SWISS INTERNATIONAL DIALING PREFIX), THEN 1 (THE US COUNTRY CODE), FOLLOWED BY 202-456-1414 (THE NATIONAL # FOR THE WHITE HOUSE). ALSO, COUNTRY CODE 87 IS RESERVED FOR MARITIME MOBILE SERVICE, IE CALLING Page 104 The Official Phreaker's Manual SHIPS: 871 - MARISAT (ATLANTIC) 872 - MARISAT (PACIFIC) 873 - MARISAT (INDIAN ) INTERNATIONAL SWITCHING: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN NORTH AMERICA, THERE ARE CURRENTLY 7 NO. 4 ESS'S THAT PERFORM THE DUTY OF ISC (INTERNATIONAL SWITCHING CENTERS). ALL INTERNATIONAL CALLS DIALED FROM NUMBERING ZONE 1 WILL BE ROUTED THROUGH ONE OF THESE "GATEWAY CITIES." THEY ARE: 182 - WHITE PLAINS, NY 183 - NEW YORK, NY 184 - PITTSBURGH, PA 185 - ORLANDO, FL 186 - OAKLAND, CA 187 - DENVER, CO 188 - NEW YORK, NY THE 18X SERIES ARE OPERATOR ROUTING CODES FOR OVERSEAS ACCESS (TO BE FURTHER DISCUSSED WITH BLUE BOXES). ALL INTERNATIONAL CALLS USE A SIGNALING SYSTEM CALLED CCITT. IT IS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR SIGNALING. COMING SOON: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN PART IV, WE WILL DISCUSS SWITCHING EQUIPMENT, VARIOUS OPERATORS, CO TYPES, ETC. PHREAKING LIVES IN '84, *****BIOC *=$=*AGENT *****003 <<=-FARGO 4A-=>> 23-FEB-84 REFERENCES/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: NOTES ON THE NETWORK (AT&T), TAP (ROOM 603, 147W 42 ST, NEW YORK, NY 10036),UNDERSTANDING TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS,AND MANY OTHERS/TUC, MULCHER... Page 105 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART IV * * * ************************************************************ PREFACE: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> PART IV WILL DEAL WITH THE VARIOUS TYPES OF OPERATORS, OFFICE HIERARCHY, & SWITCHING EQUIPMENT. OPERATORS: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF OPERATORS IN THE NETWORK AND THE MORE COMMON ONES WILL BE DISCUSSED. TSPS OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THE TSPS (TRAFFIC SERVICE POSITION SYSTEM) OPERATOR IS PROBABLY THE BITCH (OR BASTARD FOR THE PHEMALE LIBERATIONISTS) THAT MOST OF US ARE USE TO HAVING TO DEAL WITH. HERE ARE HER RESPONSIBILITIES: 1) OBTAINING BILLING INFORMATION FOR CALLING CARD OR 3RD NUMBER CALLS. 2) IDENTIFYING CALLED CUSTOMER ON PERSON-TO-PERSON CALLS. 3) OBTAINING ACCEPTANCE OF CHARGES ON COLLECT CALLS. 4) IDENTIFYING CALLING NUMBERS. THIS ONLY HAPPENS WHEN THE CALLING # IS NOT AUTOMATICALLY RECORDED BY CAMA (CENTRALIZED AUTOMATIC MESSAGE ACCOUNTING) & FORWARDED FROM THE LOCAL OFFICE. THIS COULD BE CAUSED BY EQUIPMENT FAILURES OR IF THE OFFICE IS NOT EQUIPPED FOR CAMA (MOST ARE). <I ONCE HAD AN EQUIPMENT FAILURE HAPPEN TO ME & THE TSPS OPERATOR CAME ON AND SAID, "WHAT # ARE YOU CALLING FROM?" OUT OF CURIOSITY, I GAVE HER THE # TO MY CO, SHE THANKED ME & THEN I WAS CONNECTED TO A CONVERSION THAT APPEARED TO BE BETWEEN A FIRE MAN & HIS WIFE. THEN IT STARTED RINGING THE PARTY I ORIGINALLY WANTED TO CALL & EVERYONE PHREAKED OUT (EXCUSE THE PUN). I IMMEDIATELY DROPPED THIS DUAL LINE CONFERENCE!> YOU SHOULDN'T MESS WITH THE TSPS OPERATOR SINCE SHE KNOWS WHERE YOU ARE CALLING FROM. SHE ALSO KNOWS WHETHER OR NOT YOU ARE AT A FORTRESS FONE & SHE CAN TRACE CALLS QUITE READILY. OUT OF ALL THE OPERATORS, SHE IS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS. INWARD OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THIS OPERATOR ASSISTS YOUR LOCAL TSPS ("0") OPERATOR IN CONNECTING CALLS. Page 106 The Official Phreaker's Manual SHE WILL NEVER QUESTION A CALL AS LONG AS THE CALL IS WITHIN HER SERVICE AREA. SHE CAN ONLY BE REACHED VIA OTHER OPERATORS OR BY A BLUE BOX. FROM A BB, YOU WOULD DIAL KP+NPA+121+ST FOR THE INWARD OPERATOR THAT WILL HELP YOU CONNECT ANY CALLS WITHIN THAT NPA AREA ONLY. (BLUE BOXING WILL BE DISCUSSED IN A FUTURE PART OF BASIC TELCOM) DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THIS IS THE OPERATOR THAT YOU ARE CONNECTED TO WHEN YOU DIAL: 411 OR NPA-555-1212. SHE DOES NOT READILY KNOW WHERE YOU ARE CALLING FROM. SHE DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO UNLISTED #'S, BUT SHE DOES KNOW IF AN UNLISTED # EXISTS FOR A CERTAIN LISTING. THERE IS ALSO A DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE FOR DEAF PEOPLE WHO USE TELETYPEWRITERS IF YOU MODEM CAN TRANSFER BAUDOT (THE APPLE CAT CAN), THEN YOU CAN CALL HER UP AND HAVE AN INTERESTING CONVERSATION WITH HER. THE # IS:800/855-1155. SHE USES THE STANDARD TELEX ABBREVIATIONS SUCH AS GA FOR GO AHEAD. THEY TEND TO BE NICER & WILL TALK LONGER THAN YOUR REGULAR OPERATORS. ALSO, THEY ARE MORE VULNERABLE INTO BEING TALKED OUT OF INFORMATION THROUGH THE PROCESS OF "SOCIAL ENGINEERING" AS CHESHIRE CATALYST WOULD PUT IT. OTHER OPERATORS HAVE ACCESS TO THEIR OWN DA BY DIALING KP+NPA+131+ST (MF). THIS IS A LITTLE OUT OF THE SCOPE OF THIS TUTORIAL, BUT MANY TELCO'S ARE NOW CHARGING FOR CALLS TO DIR. ASST. YOU CAN BEAT THIS BY: (1) COUNT HOW MANY CALLS YOU MAKE TO DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE IN A BILLING PERIOD. GO TO A FORTRESS FONE & DIAL DA. WHEN THE OPERATOR COMES ON, GIVE HER A NAME THAT YOU KNOW HAS AN UNLISTED # OR ASK FOR A TOWN THAT ISN'T IN THE NPA. SHE WILL THEN ASK FOR YOUR # SO SHE CAN CREDIT THE CALL TO YOU. GIVE HER YOUR HOME #, SHE DOESN'T KNOW THAT YOU ARE MAKING A FREE CALL FROM THE FORTRESS. JUST MAKE SURE THAT YOU DON'T CREDIT YOURSELF FOR MORE CALLS THAN YOU ACTUALLY MADE OR YOU MIGHT HAVE A FEW PROBLEMS! (2) IF YOU HAVE A BAUDOT TERMINAL, USE THE 800 #, IT'S FREE & THERE IS ONE # FOR ALL REQUESTS. C/NA OPERATORS: ____________________________________________________________ C/NA OPERATORS ARE OPERATORS THAT DO EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE OPERATORS ARE FOR. SEE PART II, FOR MORE INFO ON C/NA & #'S. IN MY EXPERIENCES, THESE OPERATORS KNOW MORE THAN THE DA OP'S DO & THEY ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO "SOCIAL ENGINEERING." IT IS POSSIBLE TO BULLSHIT A C/NA OPERATOR FOR THE NON-PUB DA # (IE, YOU GIVE THEM THE NAME & THEY GIVE YOU THE UNLISTED #). THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THEY ASSUME YOUR ARE A PHELLOW COMPANY EMPLOYEE. INTERCEPT OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THE INTERCEPT OPERATOR IS THE ONE THAT YOU ARE CONNECTED TO WHEN THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH RECORDINGS AVAILABLE TO TELL YOU THAT THE # HAS BEEN DISCONNECTED OR CHANGED. SHE USUALLY SAYS, "WHAT # YOU CALLIN' ? " WITH A FOREIGN ACCENT. THIS IS THE LOWEST OPERATOR LIFEFORM. EVEN THOUGH THEY DON'T KNOW WHERE YOU ARE CALLING FROM, IT IS A WASTE OF YOUR TIME TO TRY TO VERBALLY ABUSE THEM SINCE THEY USUALLY UNDERSTAND VERY LITTLE ENGLISH. Page 107 The Official Phreaker's Manual OTHER OPERATORS: ____________________________________________________________ AND THEN THERE ARE THE: MOBILE SHIP-TO-SHORE CONFERENCE MARINE VERIFY, "LEAVE WORD & CALL BACK," ROUT & RATE (KP+NPA+141+ST) & OTHER SPECIAL OPERATORS WHO HAVE ONE PURPOSE OR ANOTHER IN THE NETWORK. PROBLEMS WITH AN OPERATOR? ASK TO SPEAK TO THEIR SUPERVISOR... WHICH IS THE EQUIVALENT OF THE MADAME IN A WHOREHOUSE (IF YOU WILL EXCUSE THE ANALOGY). BY THE WAY, SOME CO'S THAT WILL ALLOW YOU TO DIAL A 1 OR 0 AS THE 4TH DIGIT, WILL ALSO ALLOW YOU TO CALL SPECIAL OPERATORS WITHOUT A BLUE BOX. THIS IS VERY RARE THOUGH! FOR EXAMPLE, 212-121-1111 WILL GET YOU A NY INWARD OPERATOR. OFFICE HIERARCHY <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> EVERY SWITCHING OFFICE OFFICE IN NORTH AMERICA (THE NPA SYSTEM), IS ASSIGNED AN OFFICE NAME & CLASS. THERE ARE FIVE CLASSES OF OFFICES NUMBERED 1 THROUGH 5. YOUR CO IS MOST LIKELY A CLASS 5 OR END OFFICE. ALL LONG-DISTANCE (TOLL) CALLS ARE SWITCHED BY A TOLL OFFICE WHICH CAN BE A CLASS 4, 3, 2, OR 1 OFFICE. THERE IS ALSO A 4X OFFICE CALLED AN INTERMEDIATE POINT. THE 4X OFFICE IS A DIGITAL ONE THAT CAN HAVE AN UNATTENDED EXCHANGE ATTACHED TO IT (KNOWN AS A REMOTE SWITCHING UNIT-RSU). THE FOLLOWING CHART WILL LIST THE OFFICE #, NAME, & HOW MANY OF THOSE OFFICES EXISTED IN NORTH AMERICA IN 1981. CLASS NAME ABB # EXISTING ----- ---------------- --- ------------ 1 REGIONAL CENTER RC 12 2 SECTIONAL CENTER SC 67 3 PRIMARY CENTER PC 230 4 TOLL CENTER TC 1,30 4P TOLL POINT TP ? 4X INTERMEDIATE PT IP ? 5 END OFFICE EO 19,000 R RSU RSU ? WHEN CONNECTING A CALL FROM ONE PARTY TO ANOTHER, THE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT USUALLY TRIES TO FIND THE SHORTEST ROUTE BETWEEN THE CLASS 5 END OFFICE OF THE CALLER & THE CLASS 5 END OFFICE OF THE CALLED PARTY. IF NO INTER-OFFICE TRUNKS EXIST BETWEEN THE 2 PARTIES, IT WILL THEN MOVE UPTO THE NEXT HIGHEST OFFICE FOR SERVICING (CLASS 4). IF THE CLASS 4 OFFICE CANNOT HANDLE THE CALL BY SENDING IT TO ANOTHER CLASS 4 OR 5 OFFICE, IT WILL BE SENT TO THE NEXT OFFICE IN THE HIERARCHY (3). THE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT FIRST USES THE HIGH-USAGE INTEROFFICE TRUNK GROUPS, IF THEY ARE BUSY IT THEN GOES TO THE FINAL TRUNK GROUPS ON THE NEXT HIGHEST LEVEL. IF THE CALL CANNOT BE CONNECTED THEN, YOU WILL PROBABLY GET A RE-ORDER (120IPM BUSY SIGNAL) SIGNAL. AT THIS TIME, THE GUYS AT NETWORK OPERATIONS ARE PROBABLY SHITTING IN THEIR PANTS AND TRYING TO AVOID THE DREADED NETWORK DREADLOCK (AS SEEN ON TV!). Page 108 The Official Phreaker's Manual IT IS ALSO INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT 9 CONNECTIONS IN TANDEM IS CALLED RING-AROUND-THE ROSY AND IT HAS NEVER OCCURRED IN TELEPHONE HISTORY. THIS WOULD CASE AN ENDLESS LOOP CONNECTION. [ A NEAT WAY TO REALLY SCREW-UP THE NETWORK]. THE 10 REGIONAL CENTERS IN THE US & THE 2 IN CANADA ARE ALL INTERCONNECTED. THEY FORM THE FOUNDATION OF THE ENTIRE TELEPHONE NETWORK. SINCE THERE ARE ONLY 12 OF THEM, THEY ARE LISTED BELOW: CLASS 1 REGIONAL OFFICE LOCATION NPA ---------------------------------- --- DALLAS 4 ESS 214 WAYNE, PA 215 DENVER 4T 303 REGINA NO.2 SP1-4W [CANADA] 306 ST. LOUIS 4T 314 ROCKDALE, GA 404 PITTSBURGH 4E 412 MONTREAL NO.1 4AETS [CANADA] 504 NORWICH, NY 607 SAN BERNARDINO, CA 714 NORWAY, IL 815 WHITE PLAINS 4T, NY 914 THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM DEMONSTRATES HOW THE VARIOUS OFFICES MAY BE CONNECTED: _________________________ _|_ _|_ _|_ REGIONAL | | | | | | OFFICES | 1 | <=--=> | 1 | <=--=> | 1 | <<==------ |___| |___| |___| | OTHERS\/ _________________|_______________________| _|_ _|_ _|_ _|__ _|_ | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 4P | | 5 | |___| |___| |___| |____| |___| | | | | |____ | _|__ | _|_ _|_ | __|_ _|_ \ | || || | || | |_____ | 3 || 4 || | 4X || 5 | _|__ _|_ |___||___|| |____||___|| || | | | | 4X || 5 | __|_ | |____||___| | ||_____________ | 5R | _______|_________ |____| | | | _|_ _|_ _|_ __|_ | | | | | | | | | R | | 4 | | 5 | | 5R | |___| |___| |___| |____| NOTE: THE PRECEDING DIAGRAM USED SPECIAL SYMBOLS FROM AN APPLE //E THAT MAY NOT BE VIEWED AS I INTENDED THEM IF YOU ARE NOT USING AN APPLE//E OR //C. SWITCHING EQUIPMENT Page 109 The Official Phreaker's Manual <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN THE NETWORK, THERE ARE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF SWITCHING EQUIPMENT. THEY ARE KNOWN AS: STEP, CROSSBAR, & ESS. STEP-BY-STEP (SXS) ____________________________________________________________ THE STEP-BY-STEP, A/K/A THE STROWGER SWITCH OR TWO-MOTION SWITCH, WAS INVENTED IN 1889 BY AN UNDERTAKER NAMED ALMON STROWGER. HE INVENTED THIS MECHANICAL SWITCHING EQUIPMENT BECAUSE HE FELT THAT THE BIASED OPERATOR WAS ROUTING ALL REQUESTS FOR AN 'UNDERTAKER' TO HER HUSBAND'S BUSINESS. BELL STARTED USING THIS SYSTEM IN 1918 AS OF 1978, OVER 53% OF THE BELL EXCHANGES USED THIS METHOD OF SWITCHING. STEP-BY-STEP SWITCHING IS CONTROLLED DIRECTLY BY THE DIAL PULSES WHICH MOVE A SERIES OF SWITCHES (CALLED THE SWITCH TRAIN) IN ORDER. WHEN YOU FIRST PICK UP THE FONE UNDER SXS, A LINEFINDER ACKNOWLEDGES THE REQUEST (SOONER OR LATER) BY SENDING A DIAL TONE. IF YOU THEN DIALED 1234, THE EQUIPMENT WOULD FIRST FIND AN IDLE SELECTOR SWITCH. IT WOULD THEN MOVE VERTICALLY 1 PULSE, IT WOULD THEN MOVE HORIZONTALLY TO FIND A FREE SECOND SELECTOR, IT WOULD THEN MOVE 2 VERTICAL PULSES, STEP HORIZONTALLY TO FIND THE NEXT SELECTOR, ETC. THUS THE FIRST SWITCH IN THE TRAIN TAKES NO DIGITS, THE SECOND SWITCH TAKES 1 DIGIT, THE THIRD SWITCH TAKES 1 DIGIT, & THE LAST SWITCH IN THE TRAIN (CALLED THE CONNECTOR) TAKES THE LAST 2 DIGITS & CONNECTS YOUR CALLS. A NORMAL (10,000 LINE) EXCHANGE REQUIRES 4 DIGITS (0000-9999) TO CONNECT A LOCAL CALL & THUS IT TAKES 4 SWITCHES TO CONNECT EVERY CALL (LINEFINDER, 1ST & 2ND SELECTORS, & THE CONNECTOR) . WHILE IT WAS THE FIRST, SXS SUCKS FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS: [1] THE SWITCHED OFTEN BECOME JAMMED THUS THE CALLS OFTEN BECOME BLOCKED. [2] YOU CAN'T USE DTMF (DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY A/K/A TOUCH-TONE) DIRECTLY. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE TELCO MAY HAVE INSTALLED A CONVERSION KIT BUT THEN THE CALLS WILL GO THROUGH JUST AS SLOW AS PULSE, ANYWAY! [3] THEY USE A LOT OF ELECTRICITY & MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE. (BAD FROM TELCO POINT OF VIEW) [4] EVERYTHING IS HARDWIRED. THEY CAN STILL HOOK UP PEN REGISTERS & OTHER SHIT ON THE LINE SO IT IS NOT EXACTLY A PHREAK HAVEN. YOU CAN IDENTIFY SXS OFFICES BY: (1) LACK OF DTMF OR PULSING DIGITS AFTER DIALING DTMF. (2) IF YOU GO NEAR THE CO, IT WILL SOUND LIKE A TYPEWRITER TESTING FACTORY. (3) LACK OF SPEED CALLING, CALL FORWARDING, & OTHER CUSTOMER SERVICES. (4) FORTRESS FONES THAT WANT YOUR MONEY FIRST (AS OPPOSED TO DIAL TONE FIRST ONES). THE PRECEDING DON'T NECESSARILY IMPLY THAT YOU HAVE SXS BUT THEY SURELY Page 110 The Official Phreaker's Manual GIVE EVIDENCE THAT IT MIGHT BE. ALSO, IF ANY OF THE ABOVE CHARACTERISTICS EXIST, IT CERTAINLY ISN'T ESS! ALSO, SXS HAVE PRETTY MUCH BEEN ERADICATED FROM LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS SUCH AS NYC (212). CROSSBAR: ____________________________________________________________ THERE ARE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF CROSSBAR SYSTEMS CALLED: NO. 1 CROSSBAR (1XB), NO. 4 CROSSBAR (4XB), & NO. 5 CROSSBAR (5XB). 5XB HAS BEEN THE PRIMARY END OFFICE SWITCH OF BELL SINCE THE 60'S AND THUS IT IS IN WIDE-USE. CROSSBAR USES A COMMON CONTROL SWITCHING METHOD. WHEN THERE IS AN INCOMING CALL, A STORED PROGRAM DETERMINES ITS ROUTE THROUGH THE SWITCHING MATRIX. IN CROSSBAR, THE BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE IS THAT A HORIZONTAL & A VERTICAL LINE ARE ENERGIZED IN A MATRIX KNOWN AS THE CROSSPOINT MATRIX. THE POINT WHERE THESE 2 LINES MEET IN THE MATRIX IS THE CONNECTION. ESS ____________________________________________________________ ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM (ESS) THE PHREAK'S NIGHTMARE COME TRUE (OR ORWELL'S PROPHECY AS 2600 PUTS IT) ESS IS BELL'S MOVE TOWARDS THE AIRSTRIP ONE SOCIETY DEPICTED IN ORWELL'S 1984. WITH ESS, EVERY SINGLE DIGIT THAT YOU DIAL IS RECORDED--EVEN IF IT IS A MISTAKE. THEY KNOW WHO YOU CALL, WHEN YOU CALL, HOW LONG YOU TALKED FOR, & PROBABLY WHAT YOU TALKED ABOUT (IN SOME CASES). ESS CAN (AND IS) ALSO PROGRAMMED TO PRINT OUT #'S OF PEOPLE WHO MAKE EXCESSIVE CALLS TO 800 #'S OR DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE. THIS IS CALLED THE "800 EXCEPTIONAL CALLING REPORT." ESS COULD ALSO BE PROGRAMMED TO PRINT OUT LOGS OF WHO CALLS CERTAIN #'S--LIKE A BOOKIE, A KNOWN COMMUNIST, A BBS, ETC THE THING TO REMEMBER WITH ESS IS THAT IT IS A SERIES OF PROGRAMS WORKING TOGETHER. THESE PROGRAMS CAN BE VERY EASILY CHANGED TO DO WHATEVER THEY WANT IT TO DO. ONE PHREAK WHOM I KNOW HAS SOME ESS SOURCE CODE LISTING WHICH IS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX (AS WELL AS DOCUMENTED--GRACIAS DIOS). THIS SYSTEM MAKES THE JOB OF BELL SECURITY, THE FBI, NSA, & OTHER ORGANIZATIONS THAT LIKE TO INVADE PRIVACY INCREDIBLY EASY. WITH ESS, TRACING IS DONE IN MICROSECONDS (EINE AUGENBLICK) & THE RESULTS ARE PRINTED AT THE CONSOLE OF A BELL GESTAPO OFFICER. ESS WILL ALSO PICK UP ANY "FOREIGN" TONES ON THE LINE SUCH AS 2600 HZ! BELL PREDICTS THAT THE COUNTRY WILL BECOME TOTALLY ESS BY THE 1990'S. YOU CAN IDENTIFY ESS BY THE FOLLOWING WHICH ARE USUALLY ESS FUNCTIONS: [1] DIALING 911 FOR HELP. [2] DIAL-TONE-FIRST FORTRESSES. [3] CUSTOM CALLING SERVICES SUCH AS:CALL FORWARDING, SPEED DIALING, & CALL WAITING. (ASK YOUR BUSINESS OFFICE IF YOU CAN GET THESE.) [4] ANI (AUTOMATIC NUMBER IDENTIFICATION) ON LD CALLS. PHREAKING DOES NOT COME TO A COMPLETE HALT UNDER ESS THOUGH--JUST BE VERY CAREFUL, THOUGH!!! DUE TO THE FACT THAT ESS SENDS A COMPUTER GENERATED "ARTIFICIAL RING," WHERE THE VOICE IS NOT CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO THE CALLED PARTIES LINE UNTIL HE Page 111 The Official Phreaker's Manual PICKS UP, BLACK BOXES & INFINITY TRANSMITTERS WILL NOT WORK! NOTE: ANOTHER INTERESTING WAY TO FIND OUT WHAT TYPE OF EQUIPMENT YOU ARE ON IS TO RAID THE TRASH CAN OF YOU LOCAL CO--THIS ART WILL DISCUSSED IN A SEPARATE ARTICLE SOON. COMING SOON: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN THE PART V, WE WILL START TO TAKE A LOOK AT TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS. FURTHER READING: FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE ABOVE TOPICS, I SUGGEST THE FOLLOWING: NOTES ON THE NETWORK, AT&T, 1980. UNDERSTANDING TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS,TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, 1983. AND SUBSCRIPTIONS TO: TAP, ROOM 603, 147 W 42 ST, NEW YORK, NY 10036. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR.#BACK ISSUES ARE $0.75. THE CURRENT ISSUES IS #90 (JAN/FEB 1984) 2600, BOX 752, MIDDLE ISLAND, NY 11953. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR. BACKISSUES ARE $1 EACH. THE CURRENT ISSUE IS #4 (APRIL 1984). THEY ARE BOTH EXCELLENT SOURCES OF ALL SORTS OF INFORMATION (PRIMARILY PHREAKING/HACKING). NOTE: FOR THE MOST PART, I HAVE ASSUMED THAT YOU HAVE READ MY PREVIOUS 3 COURSES IN THE BASIC TELCOM SERIES. HASTA LUEGO, *****BIOC *=$=*AGENT *****003 APRIL 13, 1984 [THE YEAR OF BIG BROTHER] <<=-FARGO 4A-=>> Page 112 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART V * * * ************************************************************ PREFACE: PREVIOUS INSTALLMENTS OF THIS SERIES WERE FOCUSED ON TELEPHONY FROM A NETWORK POINT-OF-VIEW. PART V WILL DEAL WITH TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS FOCUSING PRIMARILY ON THE SUBSCRIBER'S TELEPHONE. HERE-IN-AFTER SIMPLY REFERRED TO AS "FONE." WIRING: ____________________________________________________________ ASSUMING A STANDARD ONE-LINE FONE, THERE ARE USUALLY 4 WIRES THAT LEAD OUT OF THE FONE SET. THESE ARE STANDARDLY COLORED RED, GREEN, YELLOW, & BLACK. THE RED & GREEN SIRES ARE THE TWO THAT ARE ACTUALLY HOOKED UP TO YOUR CO. THE YELLOW WIRE IS SOMETIMES USED TO RING DIFFERENT FONES ON A PARTY LINE (IE, ONE #, SEVERAL FAMILIES--FOUND PRIMARILY IN RURAL AREAS WHERE THEY PAY LESS FOR THE SERVICE AND THEY DON'T USE THE FONE AS MUCH); OTHERWISE, THE YELLOW IS USUALLY JUST IGNORED. ON SOME TWO-LINE FONES, THE RED & GREEN WIRES ARE USED FOR THE FIRST FONE # AND THE YELLOW & BLACK ARE USED FOR THE SECOND LINE. IN THIS CASE THERE MUST BE AN INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL DEVICE THAT SWITCHES BETWEEN THE TWO LINES AND PROVIDES A HOLD FUNCTION. (SUCH AS RADIO SHACK'S OUTRAGEOUSLY PRICED 2 LINE & HOLD MODULE-9. IN TELEPHONY, THE RED & GREEN WIRES ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS TIP (T) & RING (R). THE TIP IS USUALLY THE MORE POSITIVE OF THE TWO WIRES. THIS NAMING GOES BACK TO THE OLD OPERATOR CORD BOARDS WHERE ONE OF THE WIRES WAS THE TIP OF THE PLUG AND THE OTHER WAS THE RING (OF THE BARREL). A ROTARY FONE (AKA DIAL OR PULSE) WILL WORK FINE REGARDLESS WHETHER THE RED (OR GREEN) WIRE IS CONNECTED THE TIP(+) OR RING(-). A TOUCH-TONE (TM) FONE IS A DIFFERENT STORY, THOUGH. IT WILL NOT WORK EXCEPT IF THE TIP(+) IS THE GREEN WIRE. [ALTHOUGH, SOME OF THE MORE EXPENSIVE DTMF FONES DO HAVE A RECTIFIER BRIDGE WHICH COMPENSATES FOR POLARITY REVERSAL.] THIS I WHY UNDER CERTAIN (NON-DIGITAL) SWITCHING EQUIPMENT YOU CAN REVERSE THE RED & GREEN WIRES ON A TOUCH-TONE FONE AND RECEIVE FREE DTMF SERVICE. EVEN THOUGH IT WON'T BREAK DIAL TONE, REVERSING THE WIRES ON A ROTARY LINE ON A DIGITAL SWITCH WILL CAUSE THE TONES TO BE GENERATED. VOLTAGES, ETC. ____________________________________________________________ WHEN YOUR TELEPHONE IS ON-HOOK (IE, HUNG UP) THERE IS APPROXIMATELY 48 VOLTS OF DC CURRENT (VDC) FLOWING THROUGH THE TIP & RING. WHEN THE HANDSET OF A FONE IS LIFTED A FEW SWITCHES CLOSE WHICH CAUSE A LOOP TO BE CONNECTED (KNOWN AS THE "LOCAL LOOP") BETWEEN YOUR FONE & THE CO. ONCE THIS HAPPENS DC CURRENT IS ABLE TO FLOW THROUGH THE FONE WITH LESS RESISTANCE. THIS CAUSES A RELAY TO ENERGIZE WHICH CAUSES OTHER CO EQUIPMENT TO REALIZE THAT YOU WANT SERVICE. EVENTUALLY, YOU SHOULD END UP WITH A DIAL TONE. THIS ALSO CAUSES THE 48 VDC TO DROP DOWN INTO THE VICINITY OF 13 VOLTS. THE RESISTANCE OF THE LOOP ALSO DROPS BELOW THE 2500 OHM LEVEL. Page 113 The Official Phreaker's Manual AS OF NOW, YOU ARE PROBABLY SAYING TO YOURSELF THAT THIS IS ALL NICE AND TECHNICAL BUT WHAT THE HELL GOOD IS THE INFORMATION. WELL, ALSO CONSIDER THAT THIS VOLTAGE (& RESISTANCE) DROP IS HOW THE CO DETECTS THAT A FONE WAS TAKEN OFF HOOK (PICKED UP). IN THIS WAY, THEY KNOW WHEN TO START BILLING THE CALLING NUMBER. NOW WHAT DO YOU SUPPOSE WOULD HAPPEN IF A DEVICE SUCH AS A RESISTOR OR A ZENER DIODE WAS PLACED ON THE CALLED PARTIES LINE SO THAT THE VOLTAGE WOULD DROP JUST ENOUGH TO ALLOW TALKING BUT NOT ENOUGH TO START BILLING? FIRST OFF, THE CALLING PARTY WOULD NOT BE BILLED FOR THE CALL BUT CONVERSATION COULD BE PURSUED. SECONDLY, THE CO EQUIPMENT WOULD THINK THAT THE FONE JUST KEPT ON RINGING. THE TELCO CALLS THIS A "NO-NO" (TOLL FRAUD TO BE MORE SPECIFIC) WHILE PHONE PHREAKS AFFECTIONATELY CALL THIS MUTE A BLACK BOX. THE FOLLOWING ARE INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO BUILD A SIMPLE BLACK BOX. OF COURSE, ANYTHING THAT PREVENTS THE VOLTAGE FROM DROPPING WOULD WORK. YOU ONE OR TWO PARTS: A SPST TOGGLE SWITCH AND A 10,000 OHM (10 K), 1/2 WATT RESISTOR. ANY ELECTRONICS STORE SHOULD STOCK THESE PARTS. NOW, CUT 2 PIECES OF WIRE (ABOUT 6 INCHES LONG) AND ATTACH ONE END OF EACH WIRE TO ONE OF THE TERMINALS ON THE SWITCH. NOW TURN YOUR K500 (STANDARD DESK FONE) UPSIDE DOWN AND TAKE OFF THE COVER. LOCATE THE 2 SCREWS ON THE NETWORK BOX LABELED >F< AND >RR<. WRAP THE RESISTOR BETWEEN THE 2 SCREWS MAKING SURE THAT IT DOESN'T TOUCH ANY OTHER TERMINALS!. NOW CONNECT ONE WIRE FROM THE SWITCH TO THE RR TERMINAL. FINALLY, ATTACH THE REMAINING WIRE TO THE GREEN WIRE (DISCONNECT IT FROM ITS TERMINAL). NOW BRING THE SWITCH OUT THE REAR OF THE FONE AND REPLACE THE COVER. PUT THE SWITCH IN A POSITION WHERE YOU RECEIVE A DIAL TONE. MARK THIS POSITION NORMAL. MARK THE OTHER SIDE FREE. WHEN YOUR PHRIENDS CALL (AT A PREARRANGED TIME), QUICKLY LIFT & DROP THE RECEIVER AS FAST A POSSIBLE. THIS WILL STOP THE RINGING (DO IT AGAIN IF IT DOESN'T) WITH OUT STARTING THE BILLING. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU DO IT QUICKLY (LESS THAN ONE SECOND THEN PUT THE SWITCH IN THE FREE POSITION AND PICK UP THE FONE. KEEP ALL CALL SHORT AND PREFERABLY UNDER 15 MINUTES. NOTE: IF ANYONE PICKS UP AN EXTENSION IN THE CALLED PARTIES HOUSE AND THAT FONE IS NOT SET FOR FREE THEN BILLING WILL START. NOTE: AN OLD WAY OF SIGNALING A PHRIEND THAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO CALL IS MAKING A COLLECT CALL TO A NON-EXISTENT PERSON IN THE HOUSE. SINCE YOUR FRIEND WILL NOT ACCEPT THE CHARGES, HE WILL KNOW THAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO CALL AND THUS PREPARE THE BLACK BOX (OR VISA VERSA). WARNING: THE TELCO CAN DETECT BLACK BOXES IF THEY SUSPECT ONE ON YOUR LINE. THIS IS DONE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AC VOICE SIGNAL AT THE WRONG DC LEVEL! PICTORIAL DIAGRAM: (STANDARD ROTARY K500 FONE) ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ | | ***BLUE WIRE**>>F< | | * * | **WHITE WIRE** * | | * | | RESISTOR | | * | Page 114 The Official Phreaker's Manual | * | | >RR<*******SWITCH**** | | * | ****GREEN WIRE********************** | | | |_____________________________________| NOTE: THE BLACK BOX WILL NOT WORK UNDER ESS OR OTHER SIMILAR DIGITAL SWITCHES SINCE ESS DOES NOT CONNECT THE VOICE CIRCUITS UNTIL THE FONE IS PICKED UP (& BILLING STARTS). INSTEAD, ESS USES AN "ARTIFICIAL" COMPUTER GENERATED RING. RINGING: ____________________________________________________________ TO INFORM A SUBSCRIBER OF AN INCOMING CALL, THE TELCO SENDS 90 VOLTS (RMS) OF AC CURRENT DOWN THE LINE (AT AROUND 15 TO 60 HZ) IN STANDARD FONES, THIS CAUSES A METAL ARMATURE TO BE ATTRACTED ALTERNATELY BETWEEN TWO ELECTRO-MAGNETS THUS STRIKING 2 BELLS. OF COURSE, THE STANDARD BELL (PATENTED IN 1878 BY TOM A. WATSON) CAN BE REPLACED BY A MORE MODERN ELECTRONIC BELL OR SIGNALING DEVICE. ALSO, YOU CAN HAVE LIGHTS AND OTHER SIMILAR DEVICES IN LIEU OF (OR IN CONJUNCTION WITH) THE BELL. A SIMPLE NEON LIGHT (WITH ITS CORRESPONDING RESISTOR) CAN SIMPLY BE CONNECTED BETWEEN THE RED & GREEN WIRES (USUALLY L1 & L2 ON THE NETWORK BOX) SO THAT IT LIGHTS UP ON INCOMING CALLS. A REGULAR 60 WATT LIGHT BULB CAN ALSO BE HOOKED UP USING A SIMPLE (120 VAC) RELAY. WARNING: 90 & 120 VAC CAN GIVE QUITE A SHOCK. EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION IF YOU WISH TO FURTHER PURSUE THESE TOPICS. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE RINGING CIRCUIT IS A CAPACITOR TO PREVENT THE DC CURRENT FROM INTERFERING WITH THE BELL [A CAPACITOR WILL PASS AC CURRENT WHILE IT WILL PREVENT DC CURRENT FROM FLOWING (BY STORING IT)]. ANOTHER REASON THAT THE TELCO HATES BLACK BOXES IS BECAUSE RINGING USES ALOT OF COMMON-CONTROL EQUIPMENT, IN THE CO, WHICH USE ALOT OF ELECTRICITY. THUS THE RINGING GENERATORS ARE BEING TIED UP WHILE A FREE CALL IS BEING MADE. USUALLY CALLS THAT ARE ALLOWED TO RING FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME MAY BE CONSTRUED AS SUSPICIOUS. SOME OFFICES MAY BE SET UP TO DROP A TROUBLE CARD FOR LONG PERIODS OF RINGING THEN A "NO-NO" DETECTION DEVICE MAY BE PLACED ON THE LINE. INCIDENTALLY, THE TERM "RING TRIP" REFERS TO THE CO PROCESS INVOLVED TO STOP THE AC RINGING SIGNAL WHEN THE CALLING FONE GOES OFF HOOK. NOTE: IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU ACTUALLY DISSECT FONES TO HELP YOU BETTER UNDERSTAND THEM. IT WILL ALSO HELP YOU TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS HERE IF YOU ACTUALLY PROVE THEM TO YOURSELF. FOR EXAMPLE, ACTUALLY TAKE THE VOLTAGE READINGS ON YOUR FONE LINE [ANY SIMPLE MULTI-TESTER (A MUST) WILL DO.] PHREAKING IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS NOT A PASSIVE ONE! DIALING: ____________________________________________________________ ON A STANDARD FONE, THERE ARE TWO COMMON TYPES OF DIALING: PULSE & DTMF. OF COURSE, SOME PEOPLE INSIST UPON BEING DIFFERENT AND DON'T USE THE DT THUS LEAVING THEM WITH MF (MULTI FREQUENCY, AKA OPERATOR, BLUE BOX) TONES. THIS IS ANOTHER "NO-NO" AND THE TELCO SECURITY GENTLEMEN HAVE A SPECIAL KNACK FOR DEALING WITH SUCH "PHREAKS" ON THE NETWORK. Page 115 The Official Phreaker's Manual WHEN YOU DIAL ROTARY, YOU ARE ACTUALLY RAPIDLY BREAKING & RECONNECTING (MAKING) THE LOCAL LOOP ONCE FOR EVERY DIGIT DIALED. SINCE THE PHYSICAL CONNECTION MUST BE BROKEN, YOU CANNOT DIAL IF ANOTHER EXTENSION (OF THAT #) IS OFF-HOOK. NEITHER OF THE FONES WILL BE ABLE TO DIAL PULSE UNLESS THE OTHER HANGS UP. ANOTHER TERM OFTEN REFERRED TO IN TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS IS THE BREAK RATIO. IN THE US, THERE ARE 10 PULSES PER SECOND (MAX). WHEN THE CIRCUIT IS OPENED IT IS CALLED THE BREAK INTERVAL. WHEN IT IS CLOSED IT IS CALLED THE MAKE INTERVAL. IN THE US, THERE IS A 60 MILLISECOND (MS) BREAK PERIOD AND A 40 MS MAKE PERIOD. (60+40=100 MS = 1/10 MINUTE). THIS IS REFERRED TO AS A 60% BREAK INTERVAL. SOME OF THE MORE SOPHISTICATED ELECTRONIC FONES CAN SWITCH BETWEEN A 60% & A 67% BREAK INTERVAL. THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT MANY FOREIGN NATIONS USE A 67% BREAK INTERVAL. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN AN OFFICE OR A SIMILAR FACILITY AND SAW A FONE WAITING TO BE USED FOR A FREE CALL BUT SOME ASSHOLE PUT A LOCK ON IT TO PREVENT OUTGOING CALLS? WELL, DON'T FRET PHELLOW PHREAKS, YOU CAN SIMULATE PULSE DIALING BY RAPIDLY DEPRESSING THE SWITCHOOK. (IF YOU DEPRESS IT FOR LONGER THAN A SECOND IT WILL BE CONSTRUED AS A DISCONNECT.) BY RAPIDLY SWITCHOOKING YOU ARE CAUSING THE LOCAL LOOP TO BE BROKEN & MADE SIMILAR TO ROTARY DIALING! THUS IF YOU CAN MANAGE TO SWITCHOOK RAPIDLY 10 TIMES YOU CAN REACH AN OPERATOR TO PLACE ANY CALL YOU WANT! THIS TAKES ALOT OF PRACTICE, THOUGH. YOU MIGHT WANT TO PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN FONE DIALING A FRIEND'S # OR SOMETHING ELSE. INCIDENTALLY, THIS METHOD WILL ALSO WORK WITH DTMF FONES SINCE ALL DTMF LINES CAN ALSO HANDLE ROTARY. ANOTHER PROBLEM WITH PULSE DIALING IS THAT IT PRODUCES HIGH-VOLTAGE SPIKES THAT MAKE LOUD NOISES IN THE EARPIECE AND CAUSE THE BELL TO "TINKLE." IF YOU NEVER NOTICED THIS THEN YOUR FONE HAS A SPECIAL "ANTI-TINKLE" & EARPIECE SHORTING CIRCUIT (MOST DO). IF YOU HAVE EVER DISSECTED A ROTARY FONE (A MUST FOR ANY SERIOUS PHREAK) YOU WOULD HAVE NOTICED THAT THERE ARE 2 SETS OF CONTACT THAT OPEN AND CLOSE DURING PULSING (ON THE BACK OF THE ROTARY DIAL UNDER THE PLASTIC COVER). ONE OF THESE ACTUALLY OPENS AND CLOSES THE LOOP WHILE THE OTHER MUTES THE EARPIECE BY SHORTING IT OUT. THE SECOND CONTACTS ALSO ACTIVATES A SPECIAL ANTI-TINKLE CIRCUIT THAT PUTS A 340 OHM RESISTOR ACROSS THE RINGING CIRCUIT WHICH PREVENTS THE HIGH VOLTAGE SPIKES FROM INTERFERING WITH THE BELL. DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY (DTMF) IS A MODERN DAY IMPROVEMENT ON PULSE DIALING IN SEVERAL WAYS. FIRST OF ALL, IT IS MORE CONVENIENT FOR THE USER SINCE IT IS FASTER AND CAN BE USED FOR SIGNALING AFTER THE CALL IS COMPLETED (IE, SCC'S, COMPUTERS, ETC.). ALSO, IT IS MORE UPTO PAR WITH MODERN DAY SWITCHING EQUIPMENT (SUCH AS ESS) SINCE PULSE DIALING WAS DESIGNED TO ACTUALLY MOVE RELAYS BY THE NUMBER OF DIGITS DIALED (IN SXS OFFICES). EACH KEY ON A DTMF KEYPAD PRODUCES 2 FREQUENCIES SIMULTANEOUSLY (ONE FROM THE HIGH GROUP AND ANOTHER FROM THE LOW GROUP). _______________________________________________ LOW GROUP | | | | | 697 HZ-| Q | ABC | DEF | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | A | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | | 770 HZ-| GHI | JKL | MNO | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | B | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | | 852 HZ-| PRS | TUV | WXY | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | C | Page 116 The Official Phreaker's Manual |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | OPERATOR | | | 941 HZ-| | Z | | | | * | 0 | # | D | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | 1209 HZ 1336 HZ 1477 HZ 1633 HZ HIGH GROUP A PORTABLE DTMF KEYPAD IS KNOWN AS A WHITE BOX. THE FOURTH COLUMN (1633 HZ) IS NOT NORMALLY FOUND ON REGULAR FONES BUT IT DOES HAVE SEVERAL SPECIAL USES. FOR ONE, IT IS USED TO DESIGNATE THE PRIORITY OF CALLS ON AUTOVON, THE MILITARY FONE NETWORK. THESE KEY ARE CALLED: FLASH, IMMEDIATE, PRIORITY, & ROUTINE (WITH VARIATIONS) INSTEAD OF ABCD. SECONDLY, THESE KEYS ARE USED FOR TESTING PURPOSES BY THE TELCO. IN SOME AREA YOU CAN FIND LOOPS AS WELL AS OTHER NEAT TESTS (SEE PART II) ON THE 555-1212 DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE EXCHANGE. FOR THIS, YOU WOULD CALL UP AN DA IN CERTAIN AREAS [THAT HAVE AN AUTOMATIC CALL DISTRIBUTOR (ACD)] AND HOLD DOWN THE "D" KEY WHICH SHOULD BLOW THE OPERATOR OFF. YOU WILL THEN HEAR A PULSING DIAL TONE WHICH INDICATES THAT YOU ARE IN THE ACD INTERNAL TESTING MODE. YOU CAN GET ON ONE SIDE OF A LOOP BY DIALING A 6. THE OTHER SIDE IS 7. SOME PHREAKS CLAIM THAT IF THE PERSON ON SIDE 6 HANGS UP, OCCASIONALLY THE EQUIPMENT WILL SCREW UP AD START DIRECTING DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE CALLS TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE LOOP. ANOTHER ALLEGED TEST IS CALLED REMOB WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO TAP INTO LINES BY ENTERING A SPECIAL CODE FOLLOWED BY THE 7 DIGIT NUMBER YOU WANT TO MONITOR. THEN THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF MASS CONFERENCING. ACD'S ARE BECOME RARE THOUGH. YOU WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO MAKE SEVERAL NPA-555- 1212 CALLS BEFORE YOU FIND ONE. YOU CAN MODIFY REGULAR FONES QUITE READILY SO THAT THEY HAVE A SWITCH TO CHANGE BETWEEN THE 3RD AND 4TH COLUMNS. THIS IS CALLED A SILVER BOX (AKA GREY BOX) AD PLANS CAN BE FOUND IN TAP AS WELL AS ON MANY BBS'S. TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER: ____________________________________________________________ WHEN YOU TALK INTO THE TRANSMITTER, THE SOUND WAVES FROM YOUR VOICE CAUSE A DIAPHRAGM TO VIBRATE AND PRESS AGAINST THE CARBON GRANULES (OR ANOTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCE). THIS CAUSES THE CARBON GRANULES TO COMPRESS AND CONTRACT THUS CHANGING THE RESISTANCE OF THE DC CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT. THEREFORE, YOUR AC VOICE SIGNAL IS SUPERIMPOSED OVER THE DC CURRENT OF THE LOCAL LOOP. THE RECEIVER WORKS IN A SIMILAR FASHION WHERE THE SIMPLE TYPES UTILIZE A MAGNET, ARMATURE, & DIAPHRAGM. HYBRID/INDUCTION COIL: ____________________________________________________________ AS YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED, THERE ARE TWO WIRES FOR THE RECEIVER AND TWO FOR THE TRANSMITTER IN THE FONE, YET THE LOCAL LOOP CONSISTS OF 2 WIRES INSTEAD OF 4. THIS 4-WIRE TO 2-WIRE CONVERSION IS DONE INSIDE THE FONE BY A DEVICE KNOWN AS AN INDUCTION COIL WHICH USES COUPLING TRANSFORMERS. THE REASON 2 SIRES ARE USED ON THE LOCAL LOOPS ARE BECAUSE IT IS ALOT CHEAPER FOR THE TELCO. ALTHOUGH, ALL OF THE INTER-OFFICE TRUNKS UTILIZE 4 WIRES. THIS IS NECESSARY FOR FULL DUPLEX (IE, SIMULTANEOUS CONVERSATION ON BOTH SIDES) AND FOR AMPLIFICATION DEVICES. THERE ARE SIMILAR DEVICES IN THE CO'S, KNOWN AS A HYBRID, THAT COUPLE THE 4-WIRE TRUNKS TO THE 2-WIRE LOCAL LOOPS AND VISA-VERSA. Page 117 The Official Phreaker's Manual MISCELLANEOUS: ____________________________________________________________ IN THE TELEPHONE, THERE IS ALSO A BALANCING NETWORK CONSISTING OF A FEW CAPACITORS & RESISTORS WHICH PROVIDE SIDETONE. SIDETONE ALLOWS THE CALLER TO HEAR HIS OWN VOLUME IN THE RECEIVER. HE CAN THEN ADJUST HIS VOICE ACCORDINGLY. THIS PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM SHOUTING OR SPEAKING TOO SOFTLY WITHOUT NOTICING IT. HOLD: ____________________________________________________________ WHEN A TELEPHONE GOES OFF HOOK, THE RESISTANCE DROPS BELOW 2500 OHMS. AT THIS POINT, THE TELCO WILL SEND A DIAL TONE. TO PUT SOMEONE ON HOLD YOU MUST PUT A 1000 OHM RESISTOR (1 WATT) ACROSS THE TIP & RING BEFORE IT REACHES THE SWITCHOOK. IN THIS WAY, WHEN THE FONE IS HUNG UP (FOR HOLD) THE RESISTANCE REMAINS BELOW 2500 OHMS WHICH CAUSES THE CO TO BELIEVE THAT YOU ARE STILL OFF-HOOK. YOU CAN BUILD A SIMPLE HOLD DEVICE USING THE FOLLOWING PICTORIAL DIAGRAM: (RED) O_________________________ [L1] | | | | | | 1000 OHM | \ | | \ RESISTOR RINGING | | CIRCUIT | -SWITCH | | | HOOK / | | / SPST SWITCH | \ | | \ | | | | | | (GREEN) O__|_____________|______| [L2] --> TO REST OF FONE CONCLUSION: ____________________________________________________________ NOTE: MANY OF THE ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS OF NORMAL FONES (K500) ARE ENCLOSED IN THE NETWORK BOX (WHICH SHOULDN'T BE OPENED). I HAVE ASSUMED THAT THE READER HAS A BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRONICS. ALSO, I HAVE ASSUMED THAT YOU HAVE READ THE 4 PREVIOUS INSTALLMENTS OF THIS SERIES (AND HOPEFULLY ENJOYED THEM). IN PART VI, WE WILL TAKE A LOOK AT FORTRESS FONES. SUGGESTED FURTHER READING: ____________________________________________________________ ELECTRONICS COURSES A-D, TAP, @ $.75 EACH. ELECTRONIC TELEPHONE PROJECTS, A.J. CARISTI, HOWARD SAMS BOOKS. EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT 1633 HZ TONES BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK, THE MAGICIAN, TAP, ISSUE #62. Page 118 The Official Phreaker's Manual FREE BELL PHONE CALLS, TAP, FACT SHEET #2, @ $.50. FREE GTE PHONE CALLS, TAP, FACT SHEET #3, @ $.50. HOW TO MODIFY YOUR BELL TOUCH TONE FONE TO HAVE 1633 CYCLE TONES, TAP, ISSUE #63. MODIFYING YOUR PHONE FOR 1633 HZ (NEW ELECTRONIC KEYPADS), FRED STEINBECK, TAP, ISSUE #84. NOTES ON THE NETWORK, AT&T. THE PHONE BOOK, J. EDGAR HYDE. REGULATING THE TELEPHONE COMPANY IN YOUR HOME, RAMAPART MAGAZINE, JUNE 1972. REMOBS, TAP #91 (NOT YET PUBLISHED AS OF THIS WRITING). UNDERSTANDING TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. & OTHER ASSORTED SOURCES... TAP: ROOM 603/147 W 42 ST./NEW YORK, NY 10036. PLEASE SPECIFY BY BACKISSUE #'S (NOT ARTICLE NAMES). ALL BACK-ISSUES ARE $1 EACH. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR (10 ISSUES). SAY THAT BIOC AGENT 003 SENT YOU. Page 119 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART VI * * * ************************************************************ REVISED: 27-OCT-84 Preface: This article will focus primarily on the standard Western Electric single-slot coin telephone (aka fortress fone) which can be divided into 3 types: - Dial-Tone First (DTF) - Coin-First (CF): (ie, it wants your $ before you receive a dial tone) - Dial Post-Pay Service (PP): you pay after the party answers Depositing Coins (Slugs): ____________________________________________________________ Once you have deposited your slug into a fortress, it is subjected to a gamut of tests. The first obstacle for a slug is the magnetic trap. This will stop any light-weight magnetic slugs and coins. If it passes this, the slug is then classified as a nickel, dime, or quarter. Each slug is then checked for appropriate size and weight. If these tests are passed, it will then travel through a nickel, dime, or quarter magnet as appropriate. These magnets set up an eddy current effect which causes coins of the appropriate characteristics to slow down so they will follow the correct trajectory. If all goes well, the coin will follow the correct path (such as bouncing off of the nickel anvil) where it will hopefully fall into the narrow accepted coin channel. The rather elaborate tests that are performed as the coin travels down the coin chute will stop most slugs and other undesirable coins, such as pennies, which must then be retrieved using the coin release lever. If the slug miraculously survives the gamut, it will then strike the appropriate totalizer arm causing a ratchet wheel to rotate once for every 5-cent increment (eg, a quarter will cause it to rotate 5 times). The totalizer then causes the coin signal oscillator to readout a dual-frequency signal indicating the value deposited to ACTS (a computer) or the TSPS operator. These are the same tones used by phreaks in the infamous red boxes. For a quarter, 5 beep tones are outpulsed at 12-17 pulses per second (PPS). A dime causes 2 beep tones at 5 - 8.5 PPS while a nickel causes one beep tone at 5 - 8.5 PPS. A beep consists of 2 tones: 2200 + 1700 Hz. A relay in the fortress called the "B relay" (yes, there is also an 'A relay') places a capacitor across the speech circuit during totalizer read-out to prevent the "customer" from hearing the red box tones. In older 3 slot phones: one bell (1050-1100 Hz) for a nickel, two bells for a dime, and one gong (800 Hz) for a quarter are used instead of the modern dual-frequency tones. TSPS & ACTS ____________________________________________________________ Page 120 The Official Phreaker's Manual While fortresses are connected to the CO of the area, all transactions are handled via the Traffic Service Position System (TSPS). In areas that do not have ACTS, all calls that require operator assistance, such as calling card and collect, are automatically routed to a TSPS operator position. In an effort to automate fortress service, a computer system known as Automated Coin Toll Service (ACTS) has been implemented in many areas. ACTS listens to the red box signals from the fones and takes appropriate action. It is ACTS which says, "Two dollars please (pause) Please deposit two dollars for the next ten seconds" (and other variations). Also, if you talk for more than three minutes and then hang-up, ACTS will call back and demand your money. ACTS is also responsible for Automated Calling Card Service. ACTS also provide trouble diagnosis for craftspeople (repairmen specializing in fortresses). For example, there is a coin test which is great for tuning up red boxes. In many areas this test can be activated by dialing 09591230 at a fortress (thanks to Karl Marx for this information). Once activated it will request that you deposit various coins. It will then identify the coin and outpulse the appropriate red box signal. The coins are usually returned when you hang up. To make sure that there is actually money in the fone, the CO initiates a "ground test" at various times to determine if a coin is actually in the fone. This is why you must deposit at least a nickel in order to use a red box! Green Boxes: ____________________________________________________________ Paying the initial rate in order to use a red box (on certain fortresses) left a sour taste in many red boxer's mouths thus the GREEN BOX was invented. The green box generates useful tones such as COIN COLLECT, COIN RETURN, and RINGBACK. These are the tones that ACTS or the TSPS operator would send to the CO when appropriate. Unfortunately, the green box cannot be used at a fortress station but it must be used by the CALLED party. Here are the tones: COIN COLLECT 700 + 1100 Hz COIN RETURN 1100 + 1700 Hz RINGBACK 700 + 1700 Hz Before the called party sends any of these tones, an operator released signal should be sent to alert the MF detectors at the CO. This can be accomplished by sending 900 + 1500 Hz or a single 2600 Hz wink (90 ms) followed by a 60 ms gap and then the appropriate signal for at least 900 ms. Also, do not forget that the initial rate is collected shortly before the 3 minute period is up. Incidentally, once the above MF tones for collecting and returning coins reach the CO, they are converted into an appropriate DC pulse (-130 volts for return & +130 volts for collect). This pulse is then sent down the tip to the fortress. This causes the coin relay to either return or collect the coins. The alleged "T-Network" takes advantage of this information. When a pulse for COIN COLLECT (+130 VDC) is sent down the line, it must be grounded somewhere. This is usually either the yellow or black wire. Thus, if the wires are exposed, these wires can be cut to prevent the pulse from being grounded. When the three minute initial period is almost up, make sure that the black & yellow wires are severed; then hang up, wait about 15 seconds in case of a second pulse, reconnect the wires, pick up the fone, hang up again, and if all goes well it should be "JACKPOT" time. Page 121 The Official Phreaker's Manual Physical Attack: ____________________________________________________________ A typical fortress weighs roughly 50 lbs. with an empty coin box. Most of this is accounted for in the armor plating. Why all the security? Well, Bell contributes it to the following: "Social changes during the 1960's made the multislot coin station a prime target for: vandalism, strong arm robbery, fraud, and theft of service. This brought about the introduction of the more rugged single slot coin station and a new environment for coin service." As for picking the lock, I will quote Mr. Phelps: "We often fantasize about 'picking the lock' or 'getting a master key.' Well, you can forget about it. I don't like to discourage people, but it will save you from wasting alot of your time--time which can be put to better use (heh, heh)." As for physical attack, the coin plate is secured on all four side by hardened steel bolts which pass through two slots each. These bolts are in turn interlocked by the main lock. One phreak I know did manage to take one of the 'mothers' home (which was attached to a piece of plywood at a construction site; otherwise, the permanent ones are a bitch to detach from the wall!). It took him almost ten hours to open the coin box using a power drill, sledge hammers, and crow bars (which was empty -- perhaps next time, he will deposit a coin first to hear if it slushes down nicely or hits the empty bottom with a clunk.) Taking the fone offers a higher margin of success. Although this may be difficult often requiring brute force and there has been several cases of back axles being lost trying to take down a fone! A quick and dirty way to open the coin box is by using a shotgun. In Detroit, after ecologists cleaned out a municipal pond, they found 168 coin phones rifled. In colder areas, such as Canada, some shrewd people tape up the fones using duct tape, pour in water, and come back the next day when the water will have froze thus expanding and cracking the fone open.In one case: "unauthorized coin collectors" where caught when they brought $6,000 in change to a bank and the bank became suspicious... At any rate, the main lock is an eight level tumbler located on the right side of the coin box. This lock has 390,625 possible positions (5 ^ 8, since there are 8 tumblers each with 5 possible positions) thus it is highly pick resistant! The lock is held in place by 4 screws. If there is sufficient clearance to the right of the fone, it is conceivable to punch out the screws using the drilling pattern below (provided by Alexander Mundy in TAP) Page 122 The Official Phreaker's Manual Chapter 5 What is covered in these last few articles, is the essence of phreaking, blue boxing & equal access. These last articles, I hope will be the final stage of phreak education for now. Basic telecommunications 7 is a brief intro to the art of blue boxing, while Better Homes & Blue Boxing will cover it in full. Equal access will be an interesting switch, it is installed in my area already and I have been investigating it. One thought is to call MCI operators and box through them, over MCI lines... Page 123 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART VII * * * ************************************************************ Preface: After most neophyte phreaks overcome their fascination with Metro codes and WATS extenders, they will usually seek to explore other avenues in the vast phone network. Often they will come across references such as "simply dial KP + 2130801050 + ST for the Alliance teleconferencing system in LA.". Numbers such as the one above were intended to be used with a blue box; this article will explain the fundamental principles of the fine art of blue boxing. Genesis: ____________________________________________________________ In the beginning, all long distance calls were connected manually by operators who passed on the called number verbally to other operators in series. This is because pulse (aka rotary) digits are created by causing breaks in the DC current (see Basic Telcom V). Since long distance calls require routing through various switching equipment and AC voice amplifiers, pulse dialing cannot be used to send the destination number to the end local office (CO). Eventually, the demand for faster and more efficient long distance (LD) service caused Bell to make a multi-billion dollar decision. They had to create a signaling system that could be used on the LD Network. Basically, they had two options: [1] To send all the signaling and supervisory information (ie, ON & OFF HOOK) over separate data links. This type of signaling is referred to as out-of-band signaling. -or- [2] To send all the signaling information along with the conversation using tones to represent digits. This type of signaling is referred to as in-band signaling. Being the cheap bastard that they naturally are, Bell chose the latter (and cheaper) method -- IN-BAND signaling. They eventually regretted this, though (heh, heh)... IN-BAND SIGNALING PRINCIPLES: ____________________________________________________________ When a subscriber dials a telephone number, whether in rotary or touch-tone (aka DTMF), the equipment in the CO interprets the digits and looks for a convenient trunk line to send the call on its way. In the case of a local call, it will probably be sent via an inter-office trunk; otherwise, it will be sent to a toll office (class 4 or higher -- see Telcom IV) to be processed. When trunks are not being used there is a 2600 Hz tone on the line; thus, to find a free trunk, the CO equipment simply checks for the presence of 2600 Hz. If it doesn't find a free trunk the customer will receive a re-order signal Page 124 The Official Phreaker's Manual (120 IPM busy signal) or the "all circuits are busy..." message. If it does find a free trunk it "seizes" it -- removing the 2600 Hz. It then sends the called number or a special routing code to the other end or toll office. The tones it uses to send this information are called multi-frequency (MF) tones. An MF tone consists of two tones from a set of six master tones which are combined to produce 12 separate tones. You can sometimes hear these tones in the background when you make a call but they are usually filtered out so your delicate ears cannot hear them. These are NOT the same as touch-tones. To notify the equipment at the far end of the trunk that it is about to receive routing information, the originating end first sends a Key Pulse (KP) tone. At the end of sending the digits, #he originating end then sends a STart (ST) tone. Thus to call 914-359-1517, the equipment would send KP + 9143591517 + ST in MF tones. When the customer hangs up, 2600 Hz is once again sent to signify a disconnect to the distant end. History: ____________________________________________________________ In the November 1960 issue of The Bell System Technical Journal, an article entitled "Signaling Systems for Control of Telephone Switching" was published. This journal, which was sent to most university libraries, happened to contain the actual MF tones used in signaling. They appeared as follows: Digit Tones ----- ----- 1 700 + 900 Hz 2 700 + 1100 Hz 3 900 + 1100 Hz 4 700 + 1300 Hz 5 900 + 1300 Hz 6 1100 + 1300 Hz 7 700 + 1500 Hz 8 900 + 1500 Hz 9 1100 + 1500 Hz 0 1300 + 1500 Hz KP 1100 + 1700 Hz ST 1500 + 1700 Hz 11 (*) 700 + 1700 Hz 12 (*) 900 + 1700 Hz KP2 (*) 1300 + 1700 Hz (*) Used only on CCITT SYSTEM 5 for special international calling. Bell caught wind of blue boxing in 1961 when it caught a Washington state college student using one. They originally found out about blue boxes through police raids and informants. In 1964, Bell Labs came up with scanning equipment, which recorded all suspicious calls, to detect blue box usage. These units were installed in CO's where major toll fraud existed. AT&T Security would then listen to the tapes to see if any toll fraud was actually committed. Over 200 convictions resulted from the project. Surprisingly enough, blue boxing is not solely limited to the electronics enthusiast; AT&T has caught businessmen, film stars, doctors, lawyers, college students, high school students and even a millionaire financier (Bernard Cornfeld) using the device. AT&T also said that nearly half of those that they catch are businessmen. Page 125 The Official Phreaker's Manual Of course, phone phreaks have achieved an almost cult status. They have also had their fair share of media. In October 1971, Esquire published the infamous "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" article which featured phreaks such as Captain Crunch, who took his name from the cereal which one gave away whistles that produced a perfect 2600 Hz pitch; Joe Engressia, the blind phreak; and Mark Bernay, one of the nation's first and oldest phreaks. Others such as Apple computer co-founders Steve Wozniak & Steve Jobs have also had blue box backgrounds. 1971 also saw the publication of the first issue of YIPL, the phone phreak newsletter, (now TAP) under the editorship of supreme yippie Abbie Hoffman. Usage: ____________________________________________________________ To use a blue box, one would usually make a free call to any 800 number or distant directory assistance (NPA-555-1212). This, of course, is legitimate. When the call is answered, one would then swiftly press the button that would send 2600 Hz down the line. This has the effect of making the distant CO equipment think that the call was terminated and it leaves the trunk hanging. Now, the user has about 10 seconds to enter in the telephone number he wished to dial -- in MF, that is. The CO equipment merely assumes that this came from another office and it will happily process the call. Since there are no records (except on toll fraud detection devices!) of these MF tones, the user is not billed for the call. When the user hangs up, the CO equipment simply records that he hung up on a free call. Detection: ____________________________________________________________ Bell has had 20 years to work on detection devices; therefore, in this day and age, they are rather well refined. Basically, the detection device will look for the presence of 2600 Hz where it does not belong. It then records the calling number and all activity after the 2600 Hz. If you happen to be at a fortress fone, though, and you make the call short, your chances of getting caught are significantly reduced (see Telcom VI). Incidentally, there have been rumors of certain test numbers (see Telcom II) that hook directly into trunks thus avoiding the need for 2600 Hz and detection! Another way that Bell catches boxers is to examine the CAMA (Centralized Automatic Message Accounting) tapes. When you make a call, your number, the called number, and time of day are all recorded. The same thing happens when you hang up. This tape is then processed for billing purposes. Normally, all free calls are ignored. But Bell can program the billing equipment to make note of lengthy calls to directory assistance. They can then put a pen register (aka DNR) on the line or an actual full-blown tap. This detection can be avoided by making short-haul (aka local) calls to box off of. It is interesting to note that NPA+555-1212 originally did not return answer supervision. Thus the calls were not recorded on the AMA/CAMA tapes. AT&T changed this though for "traffic studies!" CCIS: ____________________________________________________________ Besides detection devices, Bell has begun to gradually redesign the network using out-of-band signaling. This is known as Common Channel Inter-office Signaling (CCIS). Since this signaling method sends all the signaling information over separate data lines, blue boxing is impossible under it. Page 126 The Official Phreaker's Manual While being implemented gradually, this multi-billion dollar project is still strangling the fine art of blue boxing. Of course until the project is totally complete, boxing will still be possible. It will become progressively harder to find places to box off of, though. In areas with CCIS, one must find a directory assistance office that doesn't have CCIS yet. Area codes in Canada and predominately rural states are the best bets. WATS numbers terminating in non-CCIS cities are also good prospects. Pink Noise: ____________________________________________________________ Another way that may help to avoid detection is too add some "pink noise" to the 2600 Hz tone. Since 2600 Hz tones can be simulated in speech, the detection equipment must be careful not to misinterpret speech as a disconnect signal. Thus a virtually pure 2600 Hz tone is required for disconnect. Keeping this in mind, the 2600 Hz detection equipment is also probably looking for pure 2600 Hz or else is would be triggered every time someone hit that note (highest E on a piano =2637 Hz). This is also the reason that the 2600 Hz tone must be sent rapidly; sometimes, it won't work when the operator is saying "Hello, hello." It is feasible to send some "pink noise" along with the 2600 Hz. Most of this energy should be above 3000 Hz. The pink noise won't make it into the toll network (where we want our pure 2600 Hz to hit) but it should make it past the local CO and thus the fraud detectors. Construction: ____________________________________________________________ While step-by-step details for the construction of a blue box is beyond the scope of this tutorial, it is worthwhile to mention some of the details. First there are some alternatives but they are not as good as an actual blue box. Many computers are capable of generating MF tones. Thus, your local phriendly software pirate should have a program compatible for your computer. However, it is highly advisable not to box from home as stated in The Ten Commandments (as interpreted for phreaks by Fred Steinbeck -- TAP #86). I. Box thou not over thine home telephone wires, for those who doest must surely bring the full wrath of the Chief Special Agent down upon thy heads. Another alternative that has a moderate success rate involves recording the tones from a phriend with a box or computer onto a cassette tape. They can then be used at a fortress. As for actual construction techniques, TAP has devoted many issues to blue boxing. Basically, a blue box is merely a device capable of generating two different tones simultaneously. There are two basic construction methods that I will outline below for the electronics hobbyist. The first involves the use of two 555 timer chips (or a 556 -- i.e., two 555's in one chip). It offers excellent frequency and voltage stability. Also, it does not need a diode matrix keypad but used double-pole switches instead. Schematics for this type of box can be found in TAP issue #29. The other common box makes use of two Intersil 8038CC Function Generators. It does require a diode matrix keypad though, potentiometers, an LM-100 voltage Page 127 The Official Phreaker's Manual regulator, a 741 Op-amp, and a handful of other parts. The schematics for this type of blue box can be found in TAP #26. Both designs draw about 20 ma of current. Also, most blue boxes use telephone earpieces (with the varistor removed) for speakers. These can be easily liberated from fortress fones with a small coping saw. Usually, the hardest part about building a blue box is the calibration. A frequency counter is a must and an oscilloscope won't hurt. Some boxes also take timing into account. It is feasible on the ESS systems that they check to see if the digits are of uniform length. If they aren't, they are probably from a blue box and a trouble card may be dropped. With this in mind, the Bell standard for MF pulses and interdigit intervals is around 75 ms. It varies with the equipment used since ESS can handle higher speeds and doesn't need interdigit intervals. Applications: ____________________________________________________________ Besides dialing normal calls free, i.e., KP+NPA+NNX+XXXX+ST, blue boxes offer the entire network for exploration. Emergency break-ins, service monitoring (aka taps), stacking tandems (the art of busying out all trunks between two points), re-routing calls, conference calls, and much, much more are all feasible. Although, Bell frequently changes these codes due to phreaks. Here are some standard ones, though: Operator & Other Codes: ____________________________________________________________ (an optional NPA may proceed all of the numbers; otherwise, you will reach the one local for the area where the call is originated) 001 -- Trunk Access System 009 -- Rate Quote System 101 -- toll office test board 121 -- INWARD Operator This operator assists the local "0" operator in completing calls. (S)he will do virtually anything for you providing it is within her NPA. 131 -- Operator Directory assistance 141 -- Rout & Rate 141 defunct -- use KP + 800 + 141 +1212 + ST) These operators are very useful if you know how to mumble a few cryptic phrases as compiled below (with thanks to Fred Steinbeck): To find out.....Area Codes For example say , "Miami, Florida, numbers route, please." The R&R operator will tell you "305 plus," meaning that 305 plus the seven digit number will get you Miami. ... Inward Operator City Codes Usually, the INWARD operator for an area is simply KP + NPA + 121 + ST. In some area codes, though, there are several large cities and thus Page 128 The Official Phreaker's Manual several inwards. To find the inward for a specific city, you would say "916 756, operator route, please" to the R&R operator who will then tell you "916 plus 001 plus." This means that KP+ 916 + 001 + 121 + ST will get you an inward for Sacramento, CA (916-756). ... City names If you want to know the city that corresponds to an area code and exchange, you simply tell the R&R, "Place name, 914 390, please." In this example, the R&R operator will respond with "White Plains, NY." ... International Directory Assistance If you need a directory route for London, you could say "International, London, England. TSPS directory route, please." The R&R operator will respond with "Directory to London, England. Country code 44 plus 1 plus 986 plus 3611." Therefore to get a DA operator in London, you would route yourself to an international sender and KP + 04419863611 + ST. ... Country & City codes If you need to know the country and city code for an international number you can say "International, Sydney, Australia, TSPS numbers route, please" and get "Country code 61 plus 2." ... International Inwards Routes To get routing codes for international inwards say "International, London, England, TSPS inward route, please." The R&R Operator will respond with "Country code 44 plus 121." Finally, to get language assistance for completing a foreign call you can tell the foreign inward, "United States calling. Language assistance in completing a call to (called party) at (called number)." 151 -- Overseas incoming (212 +& 914+) 160-XX0 -- Various Overseas Operators 161 -- Trouble reporting operator (defunct) 181 -- Coin Refund Operator 18X -- Overseas senders To make an international call, one would KP + 011 + 0CC + ST where CC is the country code. This will route you to the appropriate overseas sender. You will then receive a 480 Hz dial tone. Here you enter KP + 0CC + city code + local number + ST and the call is on its way. Country codes can be either 1, 2, or 3 digits but they must be padded for three digits to create a pseudo-country code with extra zero's if necessary. For example, England, country code 44, becomes 044. To see which international sender a certain country (lets use French Guiana, country code 594, for example) goes through, you can dial KP + 011 + 594 + ST, wait for the Proceed to Send tone then KP + 000 + 0000 + ST and you will receive a recording saying which ISC (International Switching Center) it is. For the example it will say, "This is the international switching center in Pittsburg, PA -- This is a recording - 4121." You can actually route calls to certain senders yourself (KP + NPA + 18X + ST) but it is better off not to since it may look suspicious if a call is sent through a sender that it Page 129 The Official Phreaker's Manual shouldn't go through. Here are the senders: 182 -- White Plains, NY 183 -- New York, NY 184 -- Pittsburg, PA 185 -- Orlando, FL 186 -- Oakland, CA 187 -- Denver, CO 188 -- New York, NY Also, there tends to be alot of talk about the Code 11, Code 12, KP2, STP, ST3P, & ST2P keys. While they do exist the blue boxer need not concern himself with them. The first three are used on CCITT System 5. This is the signaling system that the International Senders use to send information to other countries. These codes are usually added automatically just like the language assistance digit [which distinguishes operator (or blue box) dialed calls from customer dialed calls]. The STP, ST3P, & ST2P tones are used when equipment is communicating with the TSPS. These also are automatically added when needed in most cases. [see Telcom III for more on International Switching Centers (ISC)] 11XXX -- miscellaneous operators 11501 -- universal cordboard operator 11511 -- conference operator 11521 -- mobile operator 11531 -- marine operator 11541 -- LD incoming switchboard 11551 -- leave word for time & charges (neat stuff) 11561 -- same as 11551 but for hotel/motels 11571 -- overseas operators (language assistance) The 11XXX series is interesting scanning material. Miscellaneous Routing Codes : ____________________________________________________________ Alliance Teleconferencing has several numbers, a few of which are listed below: KP + 213 080 XXXX + ST KP + 305 025 XXXX + ST KP + 312 001 XXXX + ST XXXX = 1050, 1100, or a few others Also, at KP + 317 009 + ST there is a MF tone checker. After the beep-kerclunk, dial in KP + 999 1234567 890 + ST and it will repeat the digits that you pulsed if they are of the right frequency. Tandem Scanning: ____________________________________________________________ To find all sorts of interesting things, you must look. Begin scanning three digit codes in your area (i.e., KP + 000 + ST, KP + 001 + ST, etc.). Keep track of all of your results. Sometimes you must probe things, send additional digits and see what happens, send touch-tone, send it 2600 Hz, rip it apart. You never know, you may run into something phun, like a computer that checks CC numbers. Page 130 The Official Phreaker's Manual Incidentally, in some exchange you can dial inwards and other box codes directly! For example, 914-121-1111 will get you a NY inward. The only problem is that a 0 or 1 as the first digit of the exchange is usually *prohibited in customer dialing. Somebody may have "accidentally" changed this screening code on your ESS's computer, though -- you never know and it can't hurt to try. WATS translation numbers also take up some of the 0XX & 1XX codes. Finally, certain tones on the blue box can also be used for other purposes. An MF "2" corresponds to COIN COLLECT while "KP" corresponds to COIN RETURN. Thus every blue box is also a green box (see Telcom VI). Coming soon: Telcom VIII will deal with cordless phones, mobile phones, and other neat things. Be careful and have phun, *****BIOC *=$=*Agent *****003 Page 131 The Official Phreaker's Manual The Mark Tabas encounter series presents: -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part I Theory of Operation =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- To quote Karl Marx, blue boxing has always been the most noble form of phreaking. As opposed to such things as using an MCI code to make a free fone call, which is merely mindless pseudo-phreaking, blue boxing is actual interaction with the Bell System toll network. It is likewise advisable to be more cautious when blue boxing, but the careful phreak will not be caught, regardless of what type of switching system he is under. In this part, I will explain how and why blue boxing works, as well as where. In later parts, I will give more practical information for blue boxing and routing information. To begin with, blue boxing is simply communicating with trunks. Trunks must not be confused with subscriber lines (or "customer loops") which are standard telefone lines. Trunks are those lines that connect central offices. Now, when trunks are not in use (i.e., idle or "on-hook" state) they have 2600Hz applied to them. If they are two-way trunks, there is 2600Hz in both directions. When a trunk IS in use (busy or "off-hook" state"), the 2600Hz is removed from the side that is off-hook. The 2600Hz is therefore known as a supervisory signal, because it indicates the status of a trunk; on hook (tone) or off-hook (no tone). Note also that 2600Hz denoted SF (single frequency) signalling and is "in-band." This is very important. "In-band" means that is is within the band of frequencies that may be transmitted over normal telefone lines. Other SF signals, such as 3700Hz are used also. However, they cannot be carried over the telefone network normally (they are "out-of-band") and are therefore not able to be taken advantage of as 2600Hz is. Back to trunks. Let's take a hypothetical phone call. You pick up your fone and dial 1+806-258-1234 (your good friend in Armarillo, Texas). For ease, we'll assume that you are on #5 Crossbar switching and not in the 806 area. Your central office (CO) would recognize that 806 is a foreign NPA, so it would route the call to the toll centre that serves you. [For the sake of accuracy here, and for the more experienced readers, note that the CO in question is a class 5 with LAMA that uses out-of-band SF supervisory signalling]. Depending on where you are in the country, the call would leave your toll centre (on more trunks) to another toll centre, or office of higher "rank". Then it would be routed to central office 806-258 eventually and the call would be completed. Illustration: A---CO1-------TC1------TC2----CO2----B A=you CO1=your central office TC1=your toll office. TC2=toll office in Amarillo. CO2=806-258 central office. B=your friend (806-258-1234) In this situation it would be realistic to say that CO2 uses SF in-band Page 132 The Official Phreaker's Manual (2600Hz) signalling, while all the others use out-of-band signalling (3700Hz). If you don't understand this, don't worry too much. I am pointing this out merely for the sake of accuracy. The point is that while you are connected to 806-258-1234, all those trunks from YOUR central office (CO1) to the 806-258 central office (CO2) do *NOT* have 2600Hz on them, indicating to the Bell equipment that a call is in progress and the trunks are in use. Now let's say you're tired of talking to your friend in Amarillo (806-258-1234) so you send a 2600Hz down the line. This tone travels down the line to your friend's central office (CO2) where it is detected. However, that CO thinks that the 2600Hz is originating from Bell equipment, indicating to it that you've hung up, and thus the trunks are once again idle (with 2600Hz present on them). But actually, you have not hung up, you have fooled the equipment at your friend's CO into thinking you have. Thus,it disconnects him and resets the equipment to prepare for the next call. All this happens very quickly (300-800ms for step-by-step equipment and 150-400ms for other equipment). When you stop sending 2600Hz (after about a second), the equipment thinks that another call is coming towards it (e.g. it thinks the far end has come "off-hook" since the tone has stopped. It could be thought of as a toggle switch: tone --> on hook, no tone -->off hook. Now that you've stopped sending 2600Hz, several things happen: 1) A trunk is seized. 2) A "wink" is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED end indicating that the CALLED end (trunk) is not ready to receive digits yet. 3) A register is found and attached to the CALLED end of the trunk within about two seconds (max). 4) A start-dial signal is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED end indicating that the CALLED end is ready to receive digits. Now, all of this is pretty much transparent to the blue boxer. All he really hears when these four things happen is a <beep><kerchunk>. So, seizure of a trunk would go something like this: 1> Send a 2600Hz 2> Terminate 2600Hz after 1-2 secs. 3> [beep][kerchunk] Once this happens, you are connected to a tandem that is ready to obey your every command. The next step is to send signalling information in order to place your call. For this you must simulate the signalling used by operators and automatic toll-dialing equipment for use on trunks. There are mainly two systems, DP and MF. However, DP went out with the dinosaur , so I'll only discuss MF signalling. MF (multi-frequency) signalling is the signalling used by the majority of the inter- and intra-lata network. It is also used in international dialing known as the CCITT no.5 system. MF signalling consists of 7 frequencies, beginning with 700Hz and separated by 200Hz. A different set of two of the 7 frequencies represent the digits 0 thru 9, plus an additional 5 special keys. The frequencies and uses are as follows: Frequencies (Hz) Domestic Int'l Page 133 The Official Phreaker's Manual -------------------------------------- 700+900 1 1 700+1100 2 2 900+1100 3 3 700+1300 4 4 900+1300 5 5 1100+1300 6 6 700+1500 7 7 900+1500 8 8 1100+1500 9 9 1300+1500 0 0 700+1700 ST3p Code 11 900+1700 STp Code 12 1100+1700 KP KP1 1300+1700 ST2p KP2 1500+1700 ST ST The timing of all the MF signals is a nominal 60ms, except for KP, which should have a duration of 100ms. There should also be a 60ms silent period between digits. This is very flexible, however, and most Bell equipment will accept outrageous timings. In addition to the standard uses listed above, MF pulsing also has expanded usages known as "expanded inband signalling" that include such things as coin collect, coin return, ringback, operator attached, and operator released. KP2, code 11, and code 12 and the ST_ps (STart "primes") all have special uses which will be mentioned only briefly here. To complete a call using a blue box, once seizure of a trunk has been accomplished by sending 2600Hz and pausing for the <beep><kerchunk>, one must first send a KP. This readies the register for the digits that follow. For a standard domestic call, the KP would be followed by either 7 digits (if the call were in the same NPA as the seized trunk) or 10 digits (if the call were not in the same NPA as the seized trunk). [Exactly like dialing a normal fone call]. Following either the KP and 7 or 10 digits, a STart is sent to signify that no more digits follow. Example of a complete call: 1> Dial 1-806-258-1234 2> wait for a call-progress indication (such as ring, busy, recording, etc.) 3> Send 2600Hz for about 1 second. 4> Wait for about 2 seconds while a trunk is seized. 5> Send KP+305+994+9966+ST The call will then connect if every-thing was done properly. Note that if a call to an 806 number were being placed in the same situation, the area code would be omitted and only KP+ seven digits+ST would be sent. Code 11 and code 12 are used in international calling to request certain types of operators. KP2 is used in international calling to route a call other than by way of the normal route, whether for economic or equipment reasons. STp, ST2p, and ST3p (prime, two prime, and three prime) are used in TSPS signalling to indicate calling type of call (such as coin-direct dialed). This has been Part I of Better Homes and Blue Boxing. I hope you enjoyed and learned from it. If you have any questions, comments, threats or insults, please fell free to drop me a line. If you have noticed any errors in this text (yes, it does happen), please let me know and perhaps a correction will be in Page 134 The Official Phreaker's Manual order. Part II will deal mainly with more advanced principles of blue boxing, as well as routings and operators. Note 1: other highly trunkable areas include: 816,305,813,609,205. I personally have excellent luck boxing off of 609-953-0000. Try that if you have any trouble. Page 135 The Official Phreaker's Manual =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part II Practical Applications =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- (It is assumed that the reader has read and understood Part I of this series). The essential purpose of blue boxing in the beginning was merely to receive toll services free of charge. Though this can still be done, blue boxing has essentially outlived its usefulness in this area. Modern day "extenders" and long distance services provide a safer and easier way to make free fone calls. However, you can do things with a blue box that just can't be done with anything else. For ordinary toll-fraud, a blue box is impractical for the following reasons: 1. Clumsy equipment required (blue box or equivalent) 2. Most boxed calls must be made through an extender. Not for safety reasons, but for reasons I'll explain later. 3. Connections are often sacrificed because considerable distances must be dialed to cross a seizable trunk, in addition to awkward routing. As stated in reason #2, boxed calls are usually made through an extender. This is for billing reasons. If you recall from Part i, 2600Hz is used as a "supervisory" signal. That is, it signals the status of a trunk--"on-hook" or "off-hook." When you seize a trunk (by briefly sending 2600Hz), your end (the CALLING end) goes on hook for the duration of the 2600Hz and then goes off-hook once again when the 2600Hz is terminated. The CALLED end recognizes that a call is on the way and attaches a register, which interprets the digits which are to be sent. Now, understand that even though your end has come off-hook (no 2600Hz present), the other end is still on-hook. You may wonder then, why, if the other end (the CALLED end) is still on-hook, there is no 2600Hz coming the other way on the trunk, when there should be. This is correct. 2600Hz *IS* present on the trunk when you seize it and afterwards, but you cannot hear it because of a Band Elimination Filter (BEF) at your central office. Back to the problem. Remember that when you seize a trunk, 2600Hz is indeed coming the other way on the trunk because the CALLED end is still on-hook, but you don't actually hear it because of a filter. However, the Bell equipment knows it's there (they can "hear" it). The presence of the 2600Hz is telling the billing equipment that your call has not yet been completed (i.e., the CALLED end is still on-hook). When finally you do connect with your boxed call, the 2600Hz from the called end terminates. This tells the billing equipment that someone picked up the fone at the CALLED end and you should begin to be billed. So you do start to get billed, but for the call to the trunk, NOT the boxed call. Your billing equipment thinks that you've connected with the number you used to seize the trunk. Illustration: 1. You call 1+806-258-2222 (directly) 2. Status of trunks: <-----------------------------------> (You) 806-258-2222 No 2600Hz-------> <------------2600Hz When you seize a trunk (before the number you called answers) there is no Page 136 The Official Phreaker's Manual affect on your billing equipment. It simply thinks that you're still waiting for the call to complete (the CALLED end is still on-hook; it is ringing, busy, going to recorder or intercept operator. Now, let's say that you've seized a trunk (806-258-2222) and for example, KP+314+949+1705+ST. The call is routed from the tandem you seized to: 314-949-1705. Illustration: <------------------>O<---------------> (You) 806 314-949 tandem No 2600Hz----------> <----------2600Hz Note that the entire path towards the right (the CALLED end) has no 2600Hz present and is therefore "off-hook." The entire path towards the left (the CALLING end) does have 2600Hz present on it, indicating that the CALLED end has not picked up (or come "off-hook"). When 314-949-1705 answers, "answer supervision" is given and the 2600Hz towards the left (the CALLING end) terminates. This tells your billing equipment, which thinks that you're still waiting to be connected with 806-258-2222, that you've finally connected. Billing then begins to 806-258-2222. Not exactly an auspicious beginning for an aspiring young phone phreak. To avoid this, several actions may be taken. As previously mentioned, one may avoid being charged for the number called to seize a trunk by using an extender (in which case the extender will get billed). In some areas, boxing may be accomplished using an 800 number, generally in the format of 800-858-xxxx (many Amarillo numbers) or 800-NN2-xxxx (special intra-state class in-WATS numbers). However, boxing off of 800 numbers is impossible in many areas. In my area, Denver, I am served by #1A ESS and it is impossible for me to box off of any 800 number. Years ago, in the early days of blue boxing (before my time), phreaks often used directory assistance to box off of because they were "free" long distance calls. However, because of competitive long distance companies, directory assistance surcharges are now $0.50 in many areas. It is additionally advised that directory assistance numbers not be used to box from because of the following: Average DA calls last under 2 minutes. When you box a call, chances are that it will last considerably longer. Thus, the Bell billing equipment will make a note of calls to directory assistance that last a long time. A call to a directory assistant lasting for 4 hours and 17 minutes may appear somewhat suspicious. Although the date, time, and length of a DA call do not appear on the bill, it is recorded on AMA tape and will trip a trouble report if it were to last too long. This is how most phreaks were discovered in the old days. Also, sometimes too many calls lasting too long to one 800 number may raise a few eyebrows at the local security office. Assuming you can complete a blue box call, the following are listed routings for various Bell internal operators. These are in the format of KP+NPA+ special routing+1X1+ST, which I will explain later. The 1X1 is the actual operator routing, and NPA and NPA+ special routing are used for out-of-area code calls and out-of-area code calls requiring special routing, respectively. KP+101+ST ...... Toll test board. Page 137 The Official Phreaker's Manual KP+121+ST ...... Inward Operator. KP+131+ST ...... Directory assistance. KP+141+ST ...... was rate & route. Now only works in 312, 815, 717, and a few others. It has been replaced with a universal rate & route number 800+141+1212. KP+151+ST ...... Overseas completion operator (inbound). Works only in certain NPAs, such as 303. KP+181+ST ...... In some areas, toll station for small towns. Thus, if you seize a trunk in 806 NPA and wanted an inward (in 806), then you would dial KP+121+ST. If you wanted a 312 inward and were dialing on an 806 trunk, an area code would be required. Thus, you would dial KP+312+121+ST. Finally, some places in the network require special routing, in addition to an area code. An example is Franklin Park, Ill. It requires a special routing of 032. For this, you would dial KP+312+032+121+ST for a Franklin Park inward operator. Special routings are in the format of 0XX. They are used primarily for load balance, so that traffic flow may be evenly distributed. About half of the exchanges in the network require special routing. Note that special routings are NEVER EVER EVER used to dial normal telephone numbers, only operators. Operator functions: TOLL TEST BOARD- Generally a cordboard position that assists in trunk testing. They are not used by operators, only switchmen. INWARD- Assists the normal TSPS (0+) operator in completing calls out of the TSPS's area. Also, inwards perform emergency interrupts when the number to be interrupted is out of the area code of the original (TSPS) operator. For example, a 303 operator has a customer that needs an emergency interrupt on 215-647-6969. The 303 operator gets the routing for the inward that covers 215-647, since she cannot do the interrupt herself. The routing is found to be only 215+ (no special routing required). So, the 303 operator keys KP+215+121+ST. An inward answers and the 303 says to her, "Inward, this is Denver. I need an emergency interrupt on 215-647-6969. My customer's name is Mark Tabas." The inward will then do the interrupt (off the line, of course). If the number to be interrupted had required special routing, such as, say, 312-456-1234 (spec routing 032), then the 303 operator would dial KP+312+032+121+ST for the inward to do that interrupt. DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE- These are the normal NPA+555+1212 operators that assist customers with obtaining telefone directory listings. Not much toll-fraud potential here, except maybe $0.50. RATE AND ROUTE- These operators are reached by dialing KP+800+141+1212+ST. They assist normal (TSPS) operators with rates and routings (thus the name). The only uses I typically have for them are the following: 1. Routing- Information- In the above example, when the 303 operator needed to dial an inward that served 215-647, she needed to know if any special routing was required and, if so, what it was. Assuming she would use rate and route, she would dial them and say nicely, "Operator's route, please, for 215-647." Rate & route would respond with "215 plus." This means that the operator would dial KP+215+121+ST to reach the inward that serves 215-647. If there were special routing required, such as in 312-456, rate & route would respond with "312 plus 032 plus." In that case, the operator would dial KP+312+032+ST for the inward Page 138 The Official Phreaker's Manual that serves 312-456. It is good practice to ask for "operator's route" specifically, as there are also "numbers route" and "directory routes." If you do not specifically ask for operator's route, rate & route will generally assume that is what you want anyway. "Numbers" route refers to overseas calls. Example, you want to know how to reach a number in Geneva, Switzerland (and you already have the number). You would call routing and say "Numbers route, please, Geneva, Switzerland." The operator would respond with: "Mark 41+22. 011+041+ST (plus) 041+22" The "Mark 41+22" has to do with billing, so disregard it. The 011+041 is access to the overseas gateway (to be discussed in Part iii) and the 041+ 22+ is the routing for Geneva from the overseas sender. "Directory" routings are for directory assistance overseas. Example: you want a DA in Rome, Italy. You would call rate & route and say, "Directory routing please, for Rome, Italy." They would respond with "011+039+ST (plus) 039+1108 STart." As in the previous example, the 011+039 is access to the overseas gateway. The 039+1108 is a directory assistant in Rome. 2. Nameplace information- Rate & Route will give you the location of an NPA+ exchange. Example: "Nameplace please, for 215-648." The operator would respond with "Paoli, Pennsylvania." This isn't especially useful, since you can get the same information (legally) by dialing 0, but using rate & route is often much faster and it avoids having to hang up when you are already on a trunk. *NOTE* On Rate & Route: As a blue boxer, always ask for "IOTC" routings. (e.g., "IOTC operator's route", "IOTC numbers route", etc.) This tells them that you want cordboard-type routings, not TSPS, because a blue boxer is actually just a cordboard position (that Bell doesn't know about). OVERSEAS COMPLETION OPERATOR (inbound)- These operators (KP+151+ST) assist in the completion of calls coming in to the United States from overseas. There are KP+151+ST operators only in a few NPAs in the country (namely 303). To use one, you would seize a trunk and dial KP+303+151+ST. Then you would tell the operator, for example, "This is Bangladesh calling. I need U.S. number 215-561-0562 please." [in a broken Indian accent]. She would connect you, and the bill would be sent to Bangladesh (where I've been billing my KP+151+ST calls for two years). Other internal Bell Operators. KP+11501+ST ...... universal operator KP+11511+ST ...... conference op KP+11521+ST ...... mobile op KP+11531+ST ...... marine op KP+11541+ST ...... long distance terminal KP+11551+ST ...... time & charges op KP+11561+ST ...... hotel/motel op KP+11571+ST ...... overseas (outbound) op These 115X1 operators are identical in routing to the 1X1 operators listed previously, with one exception. If special routing is required (0XX), then the trailing 1 is left off. Examples: Page 139 The Official Phreaker's Manual A 312 universal op ... KP+312+11501+ST A Franklin Park (312-456) universal op (special routing 032 required)........ KP+312+032+1150+ST [The trailing 1 of 11501 is left off]. Purposes of 115X1 operators. UNIVERSAL- Used for collect/callback calls to coin stations. CONFERENCE- This is a cordboard conference operator who will set up a conference for a customer on a manual operation basis. MOBILE- Assists in completion of calls to mobile (IMTS) type telefones. MARINE- Assists in completion of calls to ocean going vessels. LONG DISTANCE TERMINAL- Now obsolete.Was used for completion of long distance calls. TIME & CHARGES- Will give exact costs of calls. Used to time calls and inform customer of exactly how much it cost. HOTEL/MOTEL- Handles calls to/from hotels and motels. OVERSEAS COMPLETION (outbound)- assists in completion of calls to overseas points. Only works in some, if any NPAs, because overseas assistance has been centralized to IOCC (covered in Part III). Note that all KP+1X1+ST and KP+115X1+ST operators automatically assume that you are a TSPS or cordboard operator assisting a customer with a call. DO NOT DO ANYTHING TO JEOPARDIZE THIS! If you do not know what to do, don't call these operators! Find out what to do first. This concludes Part II. There is one final part in which I will explain overseas dialing, IOCC (International Overseas Completion Centre), RQS (Rate/Quote System), and some basic scanning. Page 140 The Official Phreaker's Manual =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part III Advanced Signalling =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- (It is assumed that the reader has read and understood parts i & ii before proceeding to this part). In Parts I & II, I covered basic theory and domestic signalling and operators. In this part I will explain overseas direct boxing, the IOCC, the RQS, and some basic scanning methods. Overseas Direct Boxing. Calling outside of the United States and Canada is accomplished by using an "overseas gateway." There are 7 over-seas gateways in the Bell System, and each one is designated to serve a certain region of the world. To initiate an overseas call, one must first access the gateway that the call is to be sent on. To do this automatically, decide which country you are calling and find its country code. Then, pad it to the left with zeros as required so it is three digits. [Add 1, 2, or 3 zeros as required]. Examples: Luxembourg (352) is 352 (stays the same) Spain (34) becomes 034 (1 zero added) U.S.S.R. (7) becomes 007 (2 zeros added) Next, seize a trunk and dial KP+011+ CC+ST. Note that CC is the three digit padded country code that you just determined by the above method. [For Luxembourg, dial KP+011+352+ST, Spain KP+011+034+ST, and the U.S.S.R. KP+011+ 007+ST]. This is done to route you to the appropriate overseas gateway that handles the country you are dialing. Even though every gateway will allow you to dial every dialable country, it is good practice to use the gateway that is designated for the country you are calling. After dialing KP+011+CC+ST (as CC is defined above) you should be connected to an overseas gateway. It will acknowledge by sending a wink (which is audible as a <beep><kerchink> and a dial tone. Once you receive international dial tone, you may route your call one of two ways: a) as an operator-originated call, or b) as a customer-originated call. To go as a operator-originated call, key KP+ country code (NOT padded with zeros)+ city code+number+ST. You will then be connected, providing the country you are calling can receive direct-dialed calls. The U.S.S.R. is an example of a country that cannot. Example of a boxed int'l call: To make a call to the Pope (Rome, Italy), first obtain the country code, which is 39. Pad it with zeros so that it is 039. Seize a trunk and dial KP+011+039+ST. Wait for sender dial tone and then dial KP+39+6+6982+ST. 39 is the country code, 6 is the city code, and 6982 is the Pope's number in Rome. To go as an operator-originated call, simply place a zero in front of the country code when dialing on the gateway. Thus, KP+0+39+6+6982+ST would be dialed at sender dial tone. Routing your call as operator-originated does not affect much unless you are dialing an operator in a foreign country Page 141 The Official Phreaker's Manual To dial an operator in a foreign country, you must first obtain the operator routing from rate & route for that country. Dial rate & route and if you're trying to get an operator in Yugoslavia, say nicely, "IOTC Operator's route, please, for Yugoslavia." [In larger countries it may be necessary to specify a city]. Rate & route will respond with, "38 plus 11029". So, dial your overseas gateway, KP+011+038+ST, wait for sender dial tone, and key KP+0+38+11029+ST. You should then get an operator in Yugoslavia. Note that you must prefix the country code on the sender with a 0 because presumably only an operator here can dial an operator in a foreign country. When you dial KP+011+CC+ST for an overseas gateway, it is translated to a 3-digit sender code of the format 18X, depending on which sender is designated to handle the country you are dialing. The overseas gateways and their 3-digit codes are listed below. 182 ..... White Plains, NY 183 ..... New York, NY 184 ..... Pittsburg, PA 185 ..... Orlando, FL 186 ..... Oakland, CA 187 ..... Denver, CO 188 ..... New York, NY Dialing KP+182+ST would get you the sender in White Plains, and KP+183+ST would get the sender in NYC, etc., but the KP+011+CC+ST is highly suggested (as previously mentioned). To find out what sender you were routed to after dialing KP+011+CC+ST, dial (at int'l dial tone): KP+0000000+ST. If you have difficulty in reaching a sender, call rate and route and ask for a numbers route for the country you're dialing. Sometimes, KP+011+ padded country code+ST will not work. I have found this in many 3-digit country codes. Luxembourg, country code 352, for example, should be KP+011+352+ST theoretically. But it is not. In this case, dial KP+011+ 003+ST for the overseas gateway. If you have trouble, try dialing KP+00+ first digit of country code+ST, or call rate The IOCC. Sometimes when you call rate and route and ask for an "IOTC numbers route" or "IOTC operators route" for a foreign country, you will get something like "160+700" (as in the case of the Soviet Union). This means that the country is not dialable directly and must be handled through the International Overseas Completion Centre (IOCC). For an IOCC routing, pad the country code to the RIGHT with zeros until it is 3 digits. Then KP+160 is dialed, plus the padded country code, plus ST. Examples: The U.S.S.R. (7) ...... KP+160+700+ST Japan (81) ............ KP+160+810+ST Uraguay (598) ......... KP+160+598+ST You will then be routed to the IOCC in Pittsburg, PA, who will ask for country, city, and number being dialed. Many times they will ask for a ringback [thanks to Telenet Bob] so have a loop ready. They will then place the call and call you back (or sometimes put you through directly). Some calls, such as to Moscow, take several hours. The Rate Quote System (RQS). The RQS is the operator's rate/quote system. It is a computer used by TSPS Page 142 The Official Phreaker's Manual (0+) operators to get rate and route information without having to dial the rate and route operator. In Part ii, I discussed getting an inward routing for dialing-assistance and emergency interrupts from the rate and route operators (KP+800+141+1212+ST). The same information is available from RQS. Say you want the inward routing for 305-994. You would seize a trunk and dial KP+009+ST (to access the RQS). Sometimes, if you seize a trunk in an NPA not equipped with RQS, you need to dial an NPA that is equipped with RQS first, such as 303. Anyway, after you dial KP+009+ST or KP+303+009+ST, you will receive a wink (<beep><kerchink>) and then RQS dial tone. At RQS dial tone, for an inward routing for 305-994 you would dial KP+06+305+994+ST. That is, KP+06+NPA+exchange+ST. RQS will respond with "305 plus 033 plus". This means you would dial KP+305+033+121+ST for an inward that services 305-994. If no special routing were required, RQS would have responded with "305 plus" and you would simply dial: KP+305+121+ST for an inward. Another RQS feature is the echo feature. You can use it to test your blue box. Dial RQS (KP+009+ST) and then key KP+07+1234567890+ST. RQS will respond with voice identification of the digits it recognized, between the KP+07 and ST. RQS can also be used for rates and directory routings, but those are seldom needed, so they have been omitted here. Simple Scanning. If you're interested in scanning, try dialing on a trunk, routings in the format of KP+11XX1+ST. Begin with 11001 and scan to 11991. There are lots of interesting things to be found there, as Doctor Who (413 area) can tell you. Those 11XX1 routings can also be prefixed with an NPA, so if you want to scan area code 212, dial KP+212+ 11XX1+ST. There, now you know as much about blue boxing as most phreaks. If you read and understand the material, and put aside preconceived ideas of what blue boxing is that you may have acquired from inexperienced people or other bulletin boards, you should be well on you way to an enlightening career in blue boxing. If you follow the guidelines in Part I to box, you should have no problem with the fone company. Comments made by "phreaks" on bulletin boards that proclaim "tracing" of blue boxers are nonsense and should be ignored (except for a passing chuckle). NOTE 1: CCIS and the downfall of blue boxing. CCIS stands for Common Channel Inter-office Signalling. It is a signalling method used between electronic switching systems that eminiates the use of 2600Hz and 3700Hz supervisory signals, and MF pulsing. This is why many places cannot be boxed off of; they employ CCIS, or out-of-band signalling, which will not respond to any tones that you generate on the line. Eventually, all existing toll equipment will be upgraded or replaced with CCIS or T-carrier. In this case, we'll all be boxing with microwave dishes. Until then (about 1995 by current BOC/AT&T estimates), have fun! If you have ANY questions about this text, please feel free to drop me a line. I will respond to all mail, messages, etc. Insults are also welcomed. And if you discover anything interesting scanning, be sure to let me know. Mark Tabas $LOD$ Page 143 The Official Phreaker's Manual This text was prepared in full by Mark Tabas for: K.A.O.S. Philadelphia, PA. [215-465-3593]. Any sysop may freely download this text and use it on his/her BBS, provided that none of it be altered in any way. Technical acknowledgements: Karl Marx, X-Man, High-Rise Joe, Telenet Bob, Lex Luthor, TUC, John Doe, Doctor Who (413 area), The Tone Sweep, Mr. Silicon, K00L KAT, The Glump. References: 1. Notes on the BOC Intra-LATA Networks Bell System publication, 1983. 2. Notes on the Network Bell System publication, 1983. 3. Engineering and Operations in the Bell System Bell System publication, 1983. 4. Notes on Distance Dialing Bell System publication, 1968. 5. Early Medieval Architecture. ....................................... (c) February 6, 1900 Mark Tabas ....................................... Page 144 The Official Phreaker's Manual BY FRED STEINBECK (TAP #88) IT SEEMS THAT FEWER AND FEWER PEOPLE HAVE BLUE BOXES THESE DAYS, AND THAT IS REALLY TOO BAD. BLUE BOXES, WHILE NOT ALL THAT GREAT FOR MAKING FREE CALLS (SINCE THE TPC CAN TELL WHEN THE CALL WAS MADE, AS WELL AS WHERE IT WAS TOO AND FROM), ARE REALLY A LOT OF FUN TO PLAY WITH. SHORT OF BECOMING A REAL LIVE TSPS OPERATOR, THEY ARE ABOUT THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN REALLY PLAY WITH THE NETWORK. FOR THE FEW OF YOU WITH BLUE BOXES, HERE ARE SOME PHRASES WHICH MAY MAKE LIFE EASIER WHEN DEALING WITH THE RATE & ROUTE (R&R) OPERATORS. TO GET THE R&R OP, YOU SEND A KP + 141 + ST. IN SOME AREAS YOU MAY NEED TO PUT ANOTHER NPA BEFORE THE 141 (I.E., KP + 213 + 141 + ST), IF YOU HAVE NO LOCAL R&R OPS. THE R&R OPERATOR HAS A MYRIAD OF INFORMATION, AND ALL IT TAKES TO GET THIS DATA IS MUMBLING CRYPTIC PHRASES. THERE ARE BASICALLY FOUR SPECIAL PHRASES TO GIVE THE R&R OPS. THEY ARE NUMBERS ROUTE, DIRECTORY ROUTE, OPERATOR ROUTE, AND PLACE NAME. YOU GET AN R&R AN AREA CODE FOR A CITY, ONE CAN CALL THE R&R OPERATOR AND ASK FOR THE NUMBERS ROUTE. FOR EXAMPLE, TO FIND THE AREA CODE FOR CARSON CITY, NEVADA, WE'D ASK THE R&R OP FOR "CARSON CITY, NEVADA, NUMBERS ROUTE, PLEASE." AND GET THE ANSWER, "RIGHT... 702 PLUS." MEANING THAT 702 PLUS 7 DIGITS GETS US THERE. SOMETIMES DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE ISN'T JUST NPA + 131. THE WAY TO GET THESE ROUTINGS IS TO CALL R&R AND ASK FOR "ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA, DIRECTORY ROUTE, PLEASE." OF COURSE, SHE'D TELL US IT WAS 714 PLUS, WHICH MEANS 714 + 131 GETS US THE D.A. OP THERE. THIS IS SORT OF POINTLESS EXAMPLE, BUT I COULDN'T COME UP WITH A BETTER ONE ON SHORT NOTICE. LET'S SAY YOU WANTED TO FIND OUT HOW TO GET TO THE INWARD OPERATOR FOR SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. THE FIRST SIX DIGITS OF A NUMBER IN THAT CITY WILL BE REQUIRED (THE NPA AND AN NXX). FOR EXAMPLE, LET US USEM 916 756. WE WOULD CALL R&R, AND WHEN THE OPERATOR ANSWERED, SAY, "916 756, OPERATOR ROUTE, PLEASE." THE OPERATOR WOULD SAY, "916 PLUS 001 PLUS." THIS MEANS THAT 916 + 001 + 121 WILL GET YOU THE INWARD OPERATOR FOR SACRAMENTO. DO YOU KNOW THE CITY WHICH CORRESPONDS TO 503-640? THE R&R OPERATOR DOES, AND WILL TELL YOU THAT IT IS HILLSBORO, OREGON, IF YOU SWEETLY ASK FOR "PLACE NAME, 503 640, PLEASE." FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S SAY YOU NEED THE DIRECTORY ROUTE FOR SVEG, SWEDEN. SIMPLY CALL R&R, AND ASK FOR, "INTERNATIONAL, BADEN, SWITZERLAND. TSPS DIRECTORY ROUTE, PLEASE." IN RESPONSE TO THIS, YOU'D GET, "RIGHT... DIRECTORY TO SVEG, SWEDEN. COUNTRY CODE 46 PLUS 1170." SO YOU'D ROUTE YOURSELF TO AN INTERNATIONAL SENDER, AND SEND 46 + 1170 TO GET THE D.A. OPERATOR IN SWEDEN. INWARD OPERATOR ROUTINGS TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES ARE OBTAINED THE SAME WAY "INTERNATIONAL, LONDON, ENGLAND, TSPS INWARD ROUTE, PLEASE." AND GET "COUNTRY CODE 44 PLUS 121." THEREFORE, 44 PLUS 121 GETS YOU INWARD FOR LONDON. INWARDS CAN GET YOU LANGUAGE ASSISTANCE IF YOU DON'T SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. TELL THE FOREIGN INWARD, "UNITED STATES CALLING. LANGUAGE ASSISTANCE IN COMPLETING A CALL TO (CALLED PARTY) AT (CALLED NUMBER)." R&R OPERATORS ARE PEOPLE ARE PEOPLE TOO, Y'KNOW. SO ALWAYS BE POLITE, MAKE SURE USE OF 'EM, AND DIAL WITH CARE. NOTE: AS A RESULT OF THE BREAK-UP, R&R IS NOW KP+800+141+1212+ST Page 145 The Official Phreaker's Manual Verification By Fred Steinbeck From TAP issue # 88 10-83 There has been a great deal of controversy in the realm of phreakdom over a mysterious subject known under a number of different names, including "Verification", "Autoverification", "Verify", "Autoverify", "Verify Busy", and even "VFY BY". All of these names basically mean the same thing: the ability to listen to another person's telephone line from any telephone in the direct-dialable world. Needless to say, Bell System is very tight lipped about knowledge regarding verification. Indeed, the infamous book 'Notes on long distance dialing' ('68 edition) says, "Care must be taken to insure that the customer never gains verification capabilities." With a printed policy like that, you can imagine what their real-world policy is like! Even their own rate and route operators will not give verification on routing codes (at least in my experience), one even responding, "What?! You must be crazy! We don't give those out!" Before you get too far into this article, I will state simply: I don't know how to verify. However, I have been fooling with various things related to it, and collecting information on it for some time now. Therefore, while I can't do it (yet), I may be able to point some other bright TAPer on the right track, and perhaps he or she will show us all how. If you have knowledge not covered in this article, but don't want to write an article on your own, please send your ideas, comments, or information to Project Verify, C/O TAP Verify has also been called "Autoverify", and I have no idea why. This is not, to my knowledge, a Bell System term (at least I've never seen it in any manuals) As far as I know, there is verify, which means being able to listen to speech (kind of; see below) on a line, and there is the "Emergency Interrupt which allows you to take part in the conversation taking place on the line in question. It has been suggested that "Autoverify" is the same as an emergency interrupt , but I tend to disagree with this idea. It should be noted that the verification circuitry does not actually let an operator listen to a conversation without making a beep on the line every so often. Instead, she will hear encrypted speech. However, I believe with the proper methods, verify can be converted to an emergency interrupt. Verification is normally done either by your normal "0" (TSPS) operator, if the call is in your home NPA (HNPA), or by an inward operator (IO). If the call is outside your HNPA, your normal operator will call the IO for the NPA,and say, "Verify Busy" or "Emergency Interrupt" please, 555 1212." The IO will perform whatever magic he or she must, and then report back. If the call is in your HNPA, though, the "0" operator can do the verification herself by using the "VFY BY" key on her keyshelf. However, in some areas, the operator uses a routing code to accomplish verification, and this the is loop hole we shall attack. It follows that if a IO or "0" operator can do it, so can we, with a blue box Now, courtesy of Robert Allen (who brought it to my attention) and Susan Thunder (who apparently discovered it), here is what used to work for getting operators to hook you into conversations with other people (i.e.,let you listen to them till you hung up): You'd call the operator and say "Operator, TSPS Maintenance Engineer Calling. Ring forward to 001 + NPA + 7d, ring back to my number, hit ring forward, no AMA, and then position release. This creates some problems, and you must be familiar with the TSPS console(by dialing "0"), you are on the "back", or incoming part of a loop. When she places a call for you, the call goes out on the "forward", or outgoing part of the loop. If an operator wants to make a call, she punches KP FWD (keypulse forward), the number, and ST. Ring FWD puts a 90 volt ringing signal across the forward part of the line (and may dial the number as well). The Page 146 The Official Phreaker's Manual problem arises from the fact that I don't know if Ring FWD will actually dial a call, and if there is some other subtle difference between it an KP FWD. Let us assume ringing forward makes a call from the TSPS console to whatever number is given. Ring back causes your phone to ring (it is assumed you hung up after giving her your instructions; if you didn't you'd hear an annoying 90 volts across the earpiece...) "No AMA" means "no automatic message accounting", so nobody gets billed for the call, although it will show up on a tape somewhere. "Position Release" removes the operator from the circuit, and allows her to receive other calls. This leaves an unaccounted-for ring forward. The verification circuit, as you know, likes to encrypt conversation, which is something we don't want. Well, the second Ring FWD sends another 90 volts crashing against the verify circuitry, which Juda Gerad thinks removes the voice encryption from the line, puts the operator (and you) in circuit, and puts a beep tone on the line every five seconds. This seems to make sense, and I am inclined to agree with him. The bit about "....001 + NPA + 7D" causes the thought "MF routing code" to spring immediately to mind. Now, the above trick was supposed to work in the 213 NPA. I have tried both "KP+001+213+7D+ST", and some other area codes. I generally get nothing, a reorder signal, or a tandem recording. Here's some food for thought: On an official Telco sheet I have, labeled " 213 NPA MF Routing Codes", 001 is listed as "VFY BY", or verify busy for the 213 NPA. 002 is listed for the 805 NPA. Ma Bell likes to have standardized routing codes, such logical, then, that 001 would be a sort of "standard" verify code, and other prefixes would be tacked on at 002,003, etc. However, I have heard from a retired operator that verification codes are different from area to area, and are not always nice numbers like 001, 002. Ah, well, a guy can hope, can't he? Some suggestions for future attacks on this dilemma: Everyone call your operators and subtly ask questions. I have found the tend to give information out easier if you ask for something that you would ordinarily have to be a company employee to know about, such as rate steps, operator routings, etc. Casually let slip that you used to be (or still are) an operator, or that you work for company security. Also, you might want to blue box some codes like 001 followed by your NPA and the last 7D of a busy number. If you get a sort of "whispery noise", try blasting the line with a ringing signal (you might piggyback another line onto yours and call the piggyback to generate the 90 volts) and see if that does anything. Page 147 The Official Phreaker's Manual =================================== EQUAL ACCESS AND THE AMERICAN DREAM =================================== by Mark Tabas P.O. Box 620401 Littleton, CO 80162 July 7, 1985 The American Dream means many things to many people. To the small, typical businessman, it means building a good, strong business based on hard work and perseverance; indeed, with nothing limiting his potential but he amount of work he is willing to put into his business. To a large businessman, the American Dream means living and working in a country where a single corporation can have a profit exceeding the gross national product of an entire third world nation. To the individual, the American Dream is the right to choose -- everything from one's breakfast cereal to a long-distance service, as well as the formal right outlined by our founding fathers: those of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To the phone phreak, I think the American Dream is, in a sort of twisted way, the uninhibited pursuit of knowledge. This quest could scarcely remain unchecked in many other countries. Analogous to this quest is the thriving of the Bell System, which until January 1, 1984 consisted of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest corporation in the history of the world. Did the American Dream die on January first or did the divestiture of AT&T cause a giant step forward for competition and free enterprise in the United States? I do not know. I do know that the other nations of the world were amazed that the United States would dissolve the entity that brought the finest and most universal telephone system in the world, and did so at a time when the majority of the rest of the world was still using two dixie cups and a string. The unfairness of the situation is that AT&T built the telephone system of this nation and is now being bound and gagged and having its possessions distributed to others, whom AT&T also wrought. All in the name of fairness, free competition, and "equal access". Where was was MCI during the century that AT&T built he communications system of this nation? Well, I believe in Equal Access, Wholly. And, since I believe in equal access and its implications for equality for all so strongly, I feel that MCI, Sprint, and others should take the same amount of time to build their respective toll networks: 100 years. Therefore, if the United States Justice Department were truly the fair and just administrator that it portrays itself to be, MCI would not have a hand in the long-distance cache until about 2080. That's only fair. There is no doubt that MCI is a sub-standard organization. They consist of incompetent employees, inferior equipment, and an inferior marketing strategy. They are mockingly imitative of AT&T, except in the quality of their service, which is practically unusable. It is also interesting that with less than 2% market share, MCI calls itself "the nation's long-distance company." The point to this diatribe is this. It's time for these long-distance companies such as MCI and Sprint to grow up. With Equal Access, they are going to become real long-distance companies, not the joke organizations they are now, and I think it may just take them one hundred years to do so. Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253